E.K. Janaki Ammal
The botanist who sweetened a nation.
Edavaleth Kakkat (E.K.) Janaki Ammal was born on 5 November 1897 in the southwest Indian state of Kerala, during British Raj.1 Ammal was the tenth in a blended family of 19 brothers and sisters. Her father was from an educated family of the Tiyya caste but suffered a substantial loss in status as he married a mixed-race woman.2 As a “White Tiyya”, Ammal’s childhood was characterised by an incomplete sense of belonging and a conflicting blend of two cultures.2 Although the family was not financially well-off, the children received a British education. This afforded the prospect of upward mobility in an otherwise rigid caste system that denied opportunities to members of lower castes such as the Tiyyas.3
Ammal’s father encouraged her interest in the natural sciences – by writing a book on the birds of North Malabar and maintaining a pristine garden in their seaside ancestral home, Edathil.2 While many of her sisters wed through arranged marriages, Ammal embarked on a journey of scholarship – receiving a bachelor’s degree from Queen Mary’s College in Madras and an honours degree in botany from the Presidency College.4 This was a particularly notable accomplishment considering the literacy rate for women in India was less than one per cent at the time.5
While teaching at the Women’s Christian College in Madras, Ammal was offered the University of Michigan’s Barbour Scholarship.6 Ammal specialised in plant cytology and genetics, with a focus on breeding hybrids. She earned her doctorate in 1931, making her the first woman of Indian descent to receive that degree in botany in the United States.6 Notably, Ammal hybridised native sugarcane varieties to produce a sweeter crop that thrived in the Indian climate.7 In 1940, Ammal moved to England to work at the John Innes Institute, where she co-authored the Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants8, which remains an important reference text in botany. Ammal also became the first salaried female staff member of England’s Royal Horticultural Society in 1946.2
Ammal returned to a newly independent India in 1948 and was appointed the head of the Central Botanical Laboratory.2 Simultaneously, she led the reorganisation of the Botanical Survey of India, which aimed to collect and survey native flora. Ammal aimed to preserve indigenous plants under threat from development policies such as the “Grow More Food” campaigns responsible for significant deforestation.9 In 1955, Ammal attended an international symposium where she gave a landmark talk on India’s subsistence economy and the significance of tribal populations and their cultivation of native plants.10 She also highlighted the importance of matrilineal traditions that valued women as managers of property and condemned the mass production of cereals at the cost of indigenous flora.10
At the end of her career, Ammal leveraged her influence to join the campaign against the destruction of the Silent Valley in Kerala.11 She contributed significantly to increasing awareness and understanding of the important role of endemic species in maintaining the biodiversity of the Western Ghats.12 The Silent Valley was declared a National Park on 15 November 1984 - nine months after Ammal had passed away, aged 87 and still actively researching in her laboratory.11
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Janaki Ammal made significant contributions to the fields of cytology, genetics, phytogeography and ethnobotany, pioneering the use of indigenous and gendered environmental approaches to land use. She was included in the UNSW Science History Trail because she challenged racial and gender boundaries to occupy spaces that were never before available to women, let alone those of Indian descent and mixed race. Ammal demonstrated, through lifelong persistence and tenacity, that devotion to science is not incompatible with a woman’s gender or the domain of any one race. Moreover, her story resonated with me on a personal level – as an Australian-born Indian woman, I have often felt torn between two worlds, never feeling as though I was “enough” to be fully embraced by either culture. In researching Janaki Ammal, I finally found a story that I could relate to – a woman who embraced her differences and forged her own identity, refusing to be defined by any one label. Ammal’s defiance and undying scientific curiosity enabled her to transcend borders and traverse the globe - when in the United States, she was mistaken for an Indian princess (and spiritedly “did not deny it” 3) as she wore the traditional dress (saree) of her nation with pride. Ammal challenged senior patriarchs in the scientific community to ensure that the integrity of her work was not compromised. She illustrated throughout her career that the capacity of a scientist is determined by their mettle and that their legacy is a product of innovation and independent thinking. Ammal’s grandniece quotes her as saying, “My work is what will survive”3,13 and so it does – through the prosperity of India’s sweetest sugarcane crops, the preservation of the Silent Valley, and in the blooming of the magnolia and rose species named in her honour.
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Divya Shah is a second year student in the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and pursuing a PhD in Molecular and Cell Biology.
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- Subramanian CV. Edavaleth Kakkat Janaki Ammal. Lilavati's Daughters: The Women Scientists of India: Indian Academy of Sciences; 2008.
- Damodaran V. Gender, race and science in twentieth-century India: E. K. Janaki Ammal and the history of science. Science History. 2013;51(3).
- Doctor G. Celebrating Janaki Ammal, Botanist and a Passionate Wanderer of Many Worlds. 2016. https://science.thewire.in/society/gender/women/janaki-ammal-magnolia-edathil/. Accessed 14/07/2021.
- Weston M. Celebrating Women in STEM: Dr. Janaki Ammal. 2018. Accessed 14/04/2021, 2021.
- Sur A. Dispersed Radiance Women Scientists in C. V. Raman's Laboratory. Meridians. 2001;1(2):95-127.
- Celebrating Women’s History Month: Janaki Ammal, India’s First Woman Ph.D in Botany, and a Michigan Connection. 2021; Accessed 15/07/2021, 2021.
- Janaki-Ammal EK. Intergeneric hybrids of Saccharum. Journal of Genetics. 1941;41(2):217-253.
- Darlington CD, Ammal EKJ. Chromosome atlas of cultivated plants. London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.; 1945.
- Banik D. The Hungry Nation: Food Policy and Food Politics in India. Food Ethics. 2016;1(1):29-45.
Artwork developed by Thomas Bell and Caroline Fox Drinkwater.