Exercise-Oncology: The benefits of physical activity in cancer survivorship
Published on the 28 July 2016
With childhood cancer survival rates continually climbing, there is increasing focus on supportive care to reduce future risk of ill-health for childhood cancer survivors (CCS).
As a result of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and prolonged hospitalisation, CCS are at more risk than their healthy peers of developing cardiovascular disease , obesity or secondary malignancies. Further, CCS also have lower fitness levels than their peers. Lifestyle modifications amongst CCS are warranted to help reduce these health risks.
One such modification is the concept termed ‘exercise-oncology’, in which patients are encouraged to increase their physical activity levels after cancer treatment. Participating in higher volumes of exercise is known to increase fitness levels and reduce the risk of many chronic health conditions.
Exercise has been shown to improve fatigue levels, muscular strength, endurance, quality of life, psychological health & body composition (Huang & Ness, 2011). Exercise has also been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular co-morbidity development in CCS (Jones et al., 2014), and there is preliminary evidence to indicate that exercise can reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence in adults (Meyerhardt, 2006).
Type: The most common type of physical activity is “aerobic exercise”, which includes walking, running, cycling, rowing, swimming or playing sport. The aim is to increase the heart rate and breathing rate. “Resistance (or strength) exercise” such as using body weight for push ups, resistance bands or machine weights in the gym to aim to build up muscle and bone strength, and can make completing normal daily tasks easier.
Intensity: Exercise can be broken into low, moderate or high intensity. Generally speaking, more benefits are achieved with higher intensity exercise. Examples of activities for each exercise intensity are:
- Low (activities where you can maintain conversation easily):
- slow walking, light house work (e.g. cooking)
- Moderate (activities where it is becoming difficult to catch your breath):
- faster walking, hill walking, cycling, hard house work (e.g. vacuuming)
- High (activities where you can no longer sustain conversation):
- jogging, cycling fast, tennis, gym classes
The American College of Sports Medicine and American Cancer Society recommends the following guidelines for physical activity participation:
| Aerobic Training | Resistance Training | |
|---|---|---|
| Child CCS | 60 min/day moderate-vigorous activity 5x/week | With any cardiac issues, avoid heavy weight lifting (but can lift weights with higher repetitions). Consult your doctor first |
| Adult CCS | 30 min/day moderate-vigorous activity 5x/week | As above. If no cardiac issues, then 2/week is recommended |
Only half of childhood cancer survivors will achieve these recommendations, so we need to increase the other half!
You do not just have to be a member of a gym or a sporting team to increase your physical activity levels. Here are some suggestions of other ways to increase your physical activity levels:
- Get on/off the bus 2 stops earlier and walk the rest of the way
- Home-programs with body weight or resistance bands
- Use a pedometer to track step counts (fun for the whole family to use)
- Take the stairs instead of lifts
- Try new activities such as bushwalking or hiking
- Download the Pokemon Go app and go on walking adventures (Gotta Catch Em All!!)
- If your endurance is low, break up your walks into smaller chunks and build it up. E.g:
| Sesson/day | Frequency | Total min/week | Week |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 min | x5/week | 50 | Weeks 1-2 |
| 15 min | x5/week | 75 | Weeks 3-4 |
| 20 min | x5/week | 100 | Weeks 5-6 |
| 30 min | x5/week | 150 | Weeks 7-8 |
You can do it, small steps at a time! Do not be hard on yourself if you cannot achieve the guidelines straight away. Remember that “more is better than less” and “some is better than none”.
Disclaimer: The above information is not a substitute for medical advice. It is important to speak with you/your child’s treating team or general practitioner prior to making major changes to your/your child’s exercise regime. This is particularly important if considering resistance training with a current cardiac issue. You may be eligible for an Enhanced Primary Care Plan from Medicare to receive subsidised sessions with an Accredited Exercise Physiologist (AEP). AEPs are university trained allied health practitioners who specialise in providing exercise programs for chronic health conditions. Search for an AEP in your location by typing your postcode into the website https://www.essa.org.au/find-aep/
References
- Arroyave, W. D., Clipp, E. C., Miller, P. E., Jones, L. W., Ward, D. S., Bonner, M. J., Demark-Wahnefried, W. (2008). Childhood Cancer Survivors' Perceived Barriers to Improving Exercise and Dietary Behaviors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 35(1), 121-130
- Children’s Oncology Group. Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Cancers, Version 4.0. Monrovia, CA: Children’s Oncology Group; October 2013; Available online: www.survivorshipguidelines.org.
- Huang, T. T., & Ness, K. K. (2011). Exercise interventions in children with cancer: a review. Int J Pediatr, 2011, 461512. doi:10.1155/2011/461512
- Jones, L. W., Liu, Q., Armstrong, G. T., Ness, K. K., Yasui, Y., Devine, K., . . . Oeffinger, K. C. (2014). Exercise and risk of major cardiovascular events in adult survivors of childhood hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Oncol, 32(32), 3643-3650. doi:10.1200/jco.2014.56.7511
- Meyerhardt, J., Heseltine, D., Hollis, D., Saltz, L., Nelson, H., Fuchs, C. Impact of Physical Activity on Cancer Recurrence and Survival in Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer: Findings From CALGB 89803. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24 (22), 3535-3541
- Rock, C. L., Doyle, C., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Meyerhardt, J., Courneya, K. S., Schwartz, A. L., .Gansler, T. (2012). Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 62(4), 242-274.
- Speck, R. M., Courneya, K. S., Mâsse, L. C., Duval, S., & Schmitz, K. H. (2010). An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 4(2), 87-100.