Fred Westbrook

1. Holmes, N.M., Chan, Y.Y., & Westbrook, R. F. A combination of common and individual error terms is not needed to explain associative changes when cues with different training histories are conditioned in compound: A review of Rescorla's compound test procedure. J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. DOI: 10.1037/xan0000204

2. Wong, F.S., Westbrook, R.F., & Holmes, N.M. 'Online' integration of sensory and fear memories in the rat medial temporal lobe. Elife. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.47085

3. Williams-Spooner, M., Westbrook, R. F. & Holmes, N.M. The Conditions under Which Consolidation of Serial-Order Conditioned Fear Requires De Novo Protein Synthesis in the Basolateral Amygdala Complex. J Neuro. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0768-19.2019

4. Abbott, K.N., Arnott, C. K., Westbrook, R. F. & Tran, D. M. D. The effect of high fat, high sugar, and combined high fat-high sugar diets on spatial learning and memory in rodents: A meta-analysis.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.010

5. Albertella, L., Le Pelley, M. E., Chamberlain, S., Westbrook, R. F., Fontenelle, L., Pearson, L., D., Segrave, R., Lee, R., Pearson, D., & Yücel, M. (2019) Reward-related attentional capture is associated with severity of obsessive-compulsive and addictive behaviours. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. DOI: 10.1037/adb0000484

1. Leidl, D. M., Lay, B. P. P., Chakouch, C., Westbrook, R. F., & Holmes, N. M. (2018). Protein synthesis in the basolateral amygdala complex is required for consolidation of a first-order fear memory, but not for consolidation of a higher-order fear memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.  DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.04.001

2. Tran, D., & Westbrook, R. F. (2018). Dietary effects on object recognition: The impact of high-fat high-sugar diets on recollection and familiarity-based memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition. DOI: 10.1037/xan0000170

3. Lay, B. P. P., Westbrook, R. F., Glanzman, D. L., & Holmes, N. M. (2018). Commonalities and differences in the substrates underlying consolidation of first- and second-order conditioned fear. Journal of Neuroscience, Jan 23. pii: 2966-17. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2966-17.2018. 

4. Holmes, N. M., Raipuria, M., Qureshi, O., Killcross, A. S., & Westbrook, R. F. (2018). Danger changes the way the mammalian brain stores information about innocuous events: a study of sensory preconditioning in rats. eNeuro, 0381-17.2017.

5. Holmes, N. M., Pan, J., Davis, A., Panayi, M., & Clemens, K. J. (2018). Rats choose high doses of nicotine in order to compensate for changes in its price and availability. Addiction Biology. DOI: 10.1111/adb.12637.

6. Laurent, V., Balleine, B. W., & Westbrook, R. F. (2018) Motivational state controls the prediction error in Pavlovian appetitive-aversive interactions. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 147, 18 – 25.

7. Lingawi, N. W., Laurent, V., Westbrook, R. F., & Holmes, N. M. (2018). The role of the basolateral amygdala and infralimbic cortex in (re)learning extinction. Psychopharmacology (in press; accepted 06/2018). 

8. Fam, J., Holmes, N. M., Crane, J. W, Delaney, A. J., & Westbrook, R. F. (2018). Oxytocin receptor activation in the basolateral complex of the amygdala enhances discrimination between discrete cues and promotes configural processing of cues. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 96, 84-92. 

9. Delaney, A. J., Crane, J. W., Fam, J., Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2018). Baclofen acts in the central amygdala to reduce synaptic transmission and impair context fear conditioning. Scientific Reports, 2018 Jul 2;8(1):9908. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28321-0. 

10. Lingawi, N. W., Holmes, N. M., Westbrook, R. F., & Laurent, V. (2018). The infralimbic cortex encodes inhibition irrespective of motivational significance. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 150, 64-74. 

11. Lingawi, N. W., Andrew, E., Laurent, V., Killcross, A. S., Westbrook, R. F., Holmes, N. M. (2018). The conditions that regulate formation of a false fear memory in rats. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 156, 53- 59. DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.10.009.

1. Clemens, K. J., & Holmes, N. M. (2017). An extended history of drug self-administration results in multiple sources of control over drug seeking behaviour. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Nov 10. pii: S0278-5846(17)30418-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.011. [Epub ahead of print].

2. Holmes, N. M., Crane, J. W., Tang, M., Fam, J., Westbrook, R. F., & Delaney, A. J. (2017). α2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition in the central amygdala blocks fear-conditioning. Scientific Reports, 2017 Sep 15;7(1):11712. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12115-x.

3. Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2017). A dangerous context changes the way that rats learn about and discriminate between innocuous events in sensory preconditioning. Learning and Memory, 24(9), 440-448.

4. Reichelt, A., C., Westbrook, R. F., & Morris, M. J. (2017). Editorial: Impact of diet on learning, memory and cognition. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,

5. Fam, J., Westbrook, R. F., & Holmes, N. M. (2017). An examination of changes in behavioural control when stimuli with different associative histories are conditioned in compound. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning & Cognition, 43(3), 205-18.

6. Griffiths, O, Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2017). Compound stimulus presentation does not deepen extinction in human causal learning. Frontiers in Psychology, Feb 9;8:120. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00120. eCollection 2017.

7. Rosenberg, H., McDonald, S., Rosenberg, J., & Westbrook, R. F. (2017). Measuring emotion perception following traumatic brain injury: The Complex Audio Visual Emotion Assessment Task (CAVEAT). Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, doi: 10.1080/09602011.2016.1273118.

8. Lingawi, N. W., Westbrook, R. F., & Laurent, V. (2017). Extinction and latent Inhibition involve a similar form of inhibitory learning that is stored in and retrieved from the infralimbic cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 27(12), 5547-5556.

9. Rosenberg, H., McDonald, S., Rosenberg, J., & Westbrook, R. F. (2017). Amused, flirting or simply baffled? Is recognition of all emotions affected by Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)? Journal of Neuropsychology, doi: 10.1111/jnp.12109 (in press, accepted 06/2016).

10. Lingawi, N. W., & Westbrook, R. F., Laurent, V. (2017). Extinction of relapsed fear does not require the basolateral amygdala. Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, 139, 149-156. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.01.005.

11. Clemens, K. J., Lay, B. P. P., & Holmes, N. M. (2017). Extended nicotine self-administration increases sensitivity to nicotine, motivation to seek nicotine, and the reinforcing properties of nicotine-paired cues. Addiction Biology, 22(2), 400-410.

1. Tran, D. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2016). A high-fat high-sugar diet-induced impairment in place-recognition memory is reversible and training-dependent. Appetite, 110, 61-71. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.010.

2. Holmes, N. M., Hutton-Bedbrook, K., Fam, J., & Westbrook, R. F. (2016). Incentive contrast effects regulate responding to a flavor presented in compound with a saccharin unconditioned stimulus in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning & Cognition, 42(3), 233-45.

3. Macnamara, C., Holmes, N. M., Westbrook, R. F., & Clemens, K. J. (2016). Varenicline impairs extinction and enhances reinstatement across repeated cycles of nicotine self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology, 105, 463-70.

4. Holmes, N. M., Leung, H. T., & Westbrook, R. F. (2016). Counter-conditioned fear responses exhibit greater renewal than extinguished fear responses. Learning & Memory, 23, 141-50.

5. Leung, H. T., Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook. R. F. (2016). An appetitive conditioned stimulus enhances acquisition and impairs extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Learning & Memory, 23, 113-20.

1. Tran, D.M., Westbrook, R. F. (2015). Rats fed a diet rich in fats and sugars are impaired in the use of spatial geometry. Psychological Science. 26, 1947-57.

2. Reichelt, A.C., Westbrook, R. F., Morris, M.J. (2015). Integration of reward signalling and appetite regulating peptide systems in the control of food-cue responses. British Journal of Pharmacology, 172, 5225-38.

3. Bae, S.E., Holmes, N.M., Westbrook, R. F. (2015). False context fear memory in rats. Learning & Memory, 22, 519-25. Supported by DP13013687 (2013-15).

4. Sharpe, M.J., Clemens, K.J., Morris, M.J., Westbrook, R. F. (2015). Daily exposure to sucrose impairs subsequent learning about food cues: a role for alterations in ghrelin signaling and dopamine D2 receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 1357-65. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.287.

5. Campbell-Smith, E.J., Holmes, N.M., Lingawi, N.W., Panayi, M.C., Westbrook, R. F. (2015). Oxytocin signaling in basolateral and central amygdala nuclei differentially regulates the acquisition, expression, and extinction of context-conditioned fear in rats. Learning & Memory, 22, 247-57.

6. Reichelt, A.C., Killcross, S., Hambly, L.D., Morris, M.J., Westbrook, R. F. (2015). Impact of adolescent sucrose access on cognitive control, recognition memory, and parvalbumin immunoreactivity. Learning & Memory, 22, 215-24.

7. Rosenberg, H., McDonald, S., Dethier, M., Kessels, R. P. C., & Westbrook, R. F. (2015). Emotion perception after moderate-severe Traumatic Brain Injury: The valence effect and the role of working memory, processing speed and non-verbal reasoning. Neuropsychology, 29, 509-21.

8. Morris, M. J., Beilharz, J., Maniam, J., Reichelt, A., & Westbrook, R. F. (2015). Why is obesity such a problem in the 21st century? The intersection of palatable food, cues and reward pathways, stress, and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 58, 36-45.

9. Reichelt, A., Maniam, J., Westbrook, R. F., & Morris, M. (2015). Dietary-induced obesity disrupts trace fear conditioning and decreases hippocampal reelin expression. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 43, 68-75.

1. Rosenberg, H., McDonald, S., Dethier, M., Kessels, R. P. C., Westbrook, R. F. (2014). Facial emotion recognition deficits following moderate-severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Re-examining the valence effect and the role of emotion intensity. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, 994-1003.

2. Hart, G., Holmes, N., Harris, J., & Westbrook, R. F. (2014). Benzodiazepine administration prevents the use of error correction mechanisms during fear extinction. Learning & Behavior, 42, 383-397. Supported by DP110105136 (2011-13).

3. Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2014). Appetitive context conditioning proactively, but transiently, interferes with expression of counter-conditioned context fear. Learning & Memory, 21, 597-605.

4. Holmes, N. M., Griffiths, O. & Westbrook, R. F. (2014). The influence of partner cues on extinction of causal judgments in people. Learning & Behavior, 42, 289-303

5. Holmes, N. M., Cai, S. Y., Lay, B. P. P., Watts, N. R., & Westbrook, R. F. (2014). Extinguished second-order conditioned fear responses are renewed but not reinstated. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 40, 369-379. Supported by DP13013687 (2013-15).

6. Clemens, K. J., Castino, M. R., Cornish, J. L., Goodchild, A. K., & Holmes, N. M. (2014). Behavioral and neural substrates of habit formation in rats intravenously self-administering nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(11), 2584-93.

7. Holmes, N. M., South, T., Martire, S. I., Westbrook, R. F., & Morris, M. J. (2014). Rats eat a cafeteria-style diet to excess but eat smaller amounts and less frequently when tested with chow. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e93506. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093506.

8. Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2014). ABA renewal is greater when extinction occurs in the same context as cue pre-exposure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 40, 369-79. Supported by DP110105136 (2011-13).

9. Hart, G., Panayi, M. C., Harris, J. A., & Westbrook, R. F. (2014). Benzodiazepine treatment can impair or spare extinction, depending on when it is given. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 56, 22-29. Supported by DP110105136 (2011-13).

10. Siette, J., Riechelt, A. C., & Westbrook, R. F. (2014). A bout of voluntary running enhances context conditioned fear, its extinction, and its reconsolidation. Learning & Memory, 21, 73-81

11. Martire, S. I., Maniam, J., South, T., Holmes, N. M., Westbrook, R. F., & Morris, M. J. (2014). Extended exposure to a palatable cafeteria diet alters gene expression in brain regions implicated in reward, and withdrawal from this diet alters gene expression in brain regions associated with stress. Behavioural Brain Research, 265, 132-141.

1. Delamater, A. R. & Westbrook, R. F. (2013). Psychological and neural mechanisms of experimental extinction: A selective review. Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, S1074-7427(13)00193-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.016

2. Holmes, N. M., Parkes, S. L., Killcross, A. S., & Westbrook, R. F. (2013). The basolateral amygdala is critical for learning about neutral stimuli in the presence of danger, and the perirhinal cortex is critical in the absence of danger. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 13112-25.

3. Holmes, N. M., & Fam, J. (2013). How does dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core relate to encoding of a Pavlovian incentive stimulus? Journal of Neuroscience, 33(25), 10191-2.

4. Leung, H. T., Killcross, A. S., & Westbrook, R. F. (2013). Error correction in latent inhibition and its disruption by opioid receptor blockade with naloxone. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 2439-45.

5. Iordanova, M. D., Haralambous, T., McNally, G. P., Westbrook, R. F. (2013). Accumbal opioid receptors modulate cue competition in one-trial overshadowing. Brain Research, 1517, 57-67

6. Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2013). Extinction of reinstated or ABC renewed fear responses renders them resistant to subsequent ABA renewal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 39, 208-20.

7. Leung, H. T., Killcross, A. S., & Westbrook, R. F. (2013). A further assessment of the Hall-Rodriguez theory of latent inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 39, 117-25.

1. Leung, H. T, Reeks, L., & Westbrook, R. F. (2012). Two ways to deepen extinction and the difference between them. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 38, 394-406.

2. Siette, J., Westbrook, R. F., Cotman, C., Sidhu, K., Zhu, W., Sachdev, P., Valenzuela, M. J. (2012). Age-specific effects of voluntary exercise on the older brain and memory. Biological Psychiatry, 73, 435-

3. Griffiths, O., & Westbrook, R. F. (2012). A common error term regulates acquisition but not extinction of causal judgments in people. Learning & Behavior, 40, 207-221.

1. Lavan, D., McDonald, J. S., Westbrook, R. F., & Arabzadeh, E. (2011). Behavioral correlates of uncertainty in a discrete trial choice paradigm. Public Library of Science, 10, 1- 10 e26863

2. Parkes, S. L., & Westbrook, R. F. (2011). Role of the basolateral amygdala and NMDA receptors in higher-order conditioned fear. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 22, 317–333.

3. Leung, H. T., Killcross, A. S., & Westbrook, R. F. (2011). Additional exposures to a compound of two pre-exposed stimuli deepen latent inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 37, 394-406.

4. Rosenberg, H., Holmes, N., Harris, J. A., & Westbrook, R. F. (2011). Pre-exposure enhances spontaneous recovery from extinction. Learning & Behavior, online DOI 10.3758/s13420-011-0019-5.

5. Holmes, N. M., & Clemens, K. J. (2011). Multiple interpretations of cocaine-seeking behaviour after prolonged self-administration training. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(11), 3935-6.

1. Chan, W.Y.M., Leung, H.-T., Westbrook, R. F., & McNally, G.P. (2010). Effects of recent exposure to a conditioned stimulus on extinction of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Learning & Memory, 17, 512-521

2. Parkes, S. L., & Westbrook, R. F. (2010). The basolateral amygdala is critical for the acquisition and extinction of associations between a neutral stimulus and a learned danger signal but not between two neutral stimuli. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 12608-12618.

3. Holtzman, O., Siette, J., Holmes, N., & Westbrook, R. F. (2010). Additional exposures reverse the latent inhibitory effects of recent and remote exposures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 36, 368 – 380. Supported by DP0881325 (2008-10).

4. Leung, H. T., & Westbrook, R. F. (2010). Increased spontaneous recovery with increases in the amount of conditioned stimulus alone exposures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 36, 354 - 367. Supported by DP0881325 (2008-10).

5. Hart, G. Harris, J. A., & Westbrook, R. F. (2010). Systemic or intra-amygdala infusion of the benzodiazepine, midazolam, impairs learning, but facilitates re-learning to inhibit fear responses in extinction. Learning & Memory, 17, 210-220.

6. Holtzman, O., Laurent, V., & Westbrook, R. F. (2010). Blockade of dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens impairs learning extinction of conditioned fear. Learning & Memory, 17, 71-75.

7. Laurent, V., & Westbrook, R. F. (2010). Role of the basolateral amygdala in the reinstatement and extinction of fear responses to a previously extinguished conditioned stimulus. Learning & Memory, 17, 86-96

8. Holmes, N. M., Marchand, A. R., & Coutureau, E. (2010). Pavlovian to instrumental transfer: A neurobehavioural perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(8), 1277-95.

1. Holmes, N. M., & Harris, J. A. (2009). The loss of latent inhibition across compound conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 35(3), 328-39.

2. Laurent, V., & Westbrook, R. F. (2009). Inactivation of the infralimbic but not the prelimbic cortex impairs consolidation, and retrieval of fear extinction. Learning & Memory, 16, 520-529

3. Laurent, V., & Westbrook, R. F. (2009). Infusion of the NMDA receptor antagonist, DL-APV, into the basolateral amygdala disrupts learning to fear a novel and a familiar context as well as relearning to fear an extinguished context. Learning & Memory, 16, 96 – 105.

4. Hart, G., Harris, J. A., & Westbrook, R. F. (2009). Systemic or intra-amygdala injection of a benzodiazepine (midazolam) impairs extinction but spares re-extinction of conditioned fear responses. Learning & Memory, 16, 53 – 61.

5. Delamater, A. R., Campese, V., & Westbrook, R. F. (2009). Renewal and spontaneous recovery, but not latent inhibition, are mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid in appetitive conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 35, 224–237.

1. Harris, J. A., Livesey, E. J., Ghareai, S., & Westbrook, R. F. (2008). Negative patterning is easier than a biconditional discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34, 494 – 500.

2. Leung, H. T., & Westbrook, R. F. (2008). Spontaneous recovery of extinguished fear responses deepens their extinction: a role for error-correction mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34, 461–474. Supported by DP0881325 (2008-10).

3. Laurent, V., & Westbrook, R. F. (2008). Distinct contributions of the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala to extinction and re-extinction. Learning & Memory, 15, 657 – 666.

4. Sah, P., & Westbrook, R. F. (2008). The circuit of fear. Nature, 454, 589 – 590.

5. Li, S. H., & Westbrook, R. F. (2008). Massed extinction trials produce better short-term but worse long-term loss of context conditioned fear responses than spaced trials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34, 336 – 351. Supported by DP0881325 (2008-10).

6. Sah, P., Westbrook, R. F., & Lüthi, A. (2008). Fear conditioning and LTP in the amygdala: What really is the connection? Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1129, 88- 95