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Professor Paul Ayres

Professor Paul Ayres

Emeritus Professor
BSc (Hons) Kent, PGCE Lond, PhD UNSW
Arts,Design & Architecture
School of Education

Paul Ayres is a Professor in the School of Education (FASS). He is a researcher whose main focus is on learning and instruction. In particular he is a member of the group at UNSW that pioneered Cognitive Load Theory. He has authored a number of international journal articles that have examined various effects related to CLT such as the expertise reversal effect, split-attention, isolating elements, measuring cognitive load, the goal-free effect and worked examples.

A recent focus is on using technology and multimedia in learning, with a special interest on the role of mirror neurons in animated human movement instruction. He has an Australian Research Council Grant for this research in partnership with Fred Paas (Erasmus University, the Netherlands).

He is currently supervising a number of PhD students researching topics such as general problem solving strategies & brainstorming, worked examples & feedback, instructional design for chronic pain learners, human movement & instructional animations, multimedia & cognitive load, early entry of gifted students to university, and effective teaching of gifted students. He also has a broad interest in mathematics education.
Phone
+61 2 9385 3545
E-mail
p.ayres@unsw.edu.au
Location
101 Goodsell Building
  • Books | 2011
    Sweller J; Ayres PL; Kalyuga S, 2011, Cognitive load theory, Explorations in the Learning Sciences Instructional Systems, Springer, New York, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4
    Books | 2006
    Ayres PL, 2006, Book of ideas for teaching English to pupils with dyslexia, Original, Oxford University Press, http://www.sevt.cz/produkt/anglicky-napadnicek-pro-ucitele-a-rodice-nejen-deti-s-dydlexii-ktere-zacinaji-s-anglictinoui-11878605/
    Books | 2000
    Ayres PL; Dinham S; Sawyer W, 2000, Successful Senior Secondary Teaching, Original, Australian College of Education Quality Teaching, Deakin West ACT 2600
    Books | 2000
    Ayres PL, 2000, Numeracy in Australia: Are Standards Falling?, Original, Rapidreprographics, North Sydney
  • Book Chapters | 2019
    Ayres P; Castro-Alonso JC; Wong M; Paas F, 2019, 'Visuospatial tests and multimedia learning: The Importance of employing relevant instruments', in Advances in Cognitive Load Theory Rethinking Teaching, Routledge, pp. 89 - 99, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429283895
    Book Chapters | 2019
    Ayres P; Juan C. C-A; Wong M; Marcus N; Paas F, 2019, 'Factors That Impact on The Effectiveness of Instructional Animations.', in Tindall-Ford S; Agostinho S; Sweller J (ed.), Advances in Cognitive Load Theory Rethinking Teaching, Routledge, London, https://www.routledge.com/Advances-in-Cognitive-Load-Theory-Rethinking-Teaching-1st-Edition/Tindall-Ford-Agostinho-Sweller/p/book/9780367246907
    Book Chapters | 2019
    Castro-Alonso J-C; Ayres P; Sweller J, 2019, 'Instructional visualizations, cognitive load theory, and visuospatial processing', in Visuospatial Processing for Education in Health and Natural Sciences, Springer, pp. 111 - 143, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20969-8_5
    Book Chapters | 2019
    Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2019, 'VAR: A battery of computer-based instruments to measure visuospatial processing', in Visuospatial Processing for Education in Health and Natural Sciences, Springer, pp. 207 - 229, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20969-8_8
    Book Chapters | 2019
    Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Wong M; Paas F, 2019, 'Visuospatial tests and multimedia learning', in Advances in Cognitive Load Theory, Routledge, pp. 89 - 100, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429283895-8
    Book Chapters | 2019
    Wong M; Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2019, 'THE EFFECTS OF TRANSIENT INFORMATION AND ELEMENT INTERACTIVITY ON LEARNING FROM INSTRUCTIONAL ANIMATIONS', in Advances in Cognitive Load Theory: Rethinking Teaching, Routledge, pp. 80 - 88, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429283895-7
    Book Chapters | 2019
    Wong M; Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Pass F, 2019, 'The Effects of Transient Information and Element Interactivity on Learning from Instructional Animations', in Advances in Cognitive Load Theory Rethinking Teaching, Routledge, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429283895
    Book Chapters | 2018
    Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2018, 'Computerized and adaptable tests to measure visuospatial abilities in stem students', in Advances in Human Factors in Training, Education, and Learning Sciences, pp. 337 - 349, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60018-5_33
    Book Chapters | 2017
    Ayres P, 2017, 'Subjective measures of cognitive load: What can they reliably measure?', in Zheng RZ (ed.), Cognitive Load Measurement and Application, Routledge, pp. 9 - 28
    Book Chapters | 2015
    Ayres P; Castro-Alonso JC; Paas F, 2015, 'The potential of embodied cognition to improve STEAM dynamic visualizations', in Ge X; Ifenthaler D; Spector JM (ed.), Emerging Technologies for STEAM Education Full STEAM Ahead, Springer, New York, pp. 113 - 136, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02573-5
    Book Chapters | 2015
    Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2015, 'The Potential of Embodied Cognition to Improve STEAM Instructional Dynamic Visualizations', in Emerging Technologies for STEAM Education, Springer International Publishing, pp. 113 - 136, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02573-5_7
    Book Chapters | 2014
    Ayres P; Castro-Alonso JC; Paas F, 2014, 'Dynamic visualisations and motor skills', in Human-centric visualization: Theories, methodologies and case studies, edn. 1, Springer, New york, pp. 551 - 580, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7485-2
    Book Chapters | 2014
    Ayres P; Sweller J, 2014, 'The split-attention principle in multimedia learning', in The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning (2nd edition), Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 206 - 226, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139547369.011
    Book Chapters | 2014
    Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2014, 'Dynamic Visualisations and Motor Skills', in Handbook of Human Centric Visualization, Springer New York, pp. 551 - 580, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7485-2_22
    Book Chapters | 2013
    Ayres P; Sweller J, 2013, 'Worked examples', in Hattie J; Anderman EM (ed.), International Guide to Student Achievement, edn. 1st, Routledge, Oxford, pp. 408 - 410
    Book Chapters | 2012
    Ayres P; Cierniak G, 2012, 'The split-attention effect', in Seel NM (ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning, edn. 1st, Springer, Berlin, pp. 3172 - 3175
    Book Chapters | 2012
    Ayres P, 2012, 'Worked example effect', in Seel NM (ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning, edn. 1st, Springer, Berlin, pp. 3467 - 3471
    Book Chapters | 2008
    Gog TV; Rikers R; Ayres PL, 2008, 'Assessment of Complex Performance', in Spector J; Merrill M; Van Merrienboer J; Driscoll M (ed.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, edn. 3rd, Erlbaum, NY, pp. 763 - 806
    Book Chapters | 2008
    Paas F; Ayres P; Pachman M, 2008, 'ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LOAD IN MULTIMEDIA LEARNING Theory, Methods and Applications', in Robinson DH; Schraw G (ed.), RECENT INNOVATIONS IN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY THAT FACILITATE STUDENT LEARNING, edn. Current Perspectives on Cognition Learning and Instruction, INFORMATION AGE PUBLISHING-IAP, pp. 11 - 35, http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000268166700002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=891bb5ab6ba270e68a29b250adbe88d1
    Book Chapters | 2008
    Pass F; Ayres PL; Pachman M, 2008, 'Assessment of Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning', in Robinson DH; Schraw G (ed.), Recent Innovations in Educational Technology that Facilitate Student Learning, edn. 1, Information Age Publisher, Charlotte, NC, pp. 11 - 35
    Book Chapters | 2008
    Pass F; Gog TV; Kirschner F; Marcus N; Ayres PL; Sweller J, 2008, 'Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Cognitive Load Research as a Key to Tackle Challenges', in Zumbach J (ed.), Beyond Knowledge: The Legacy of Competence, edn. 1, Springer, Speringr-Veriag New York, pp. 1 - 9, http://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/learning+%26+instruction/book/978-1-4020-8826-1
  • Journal articles | 2023
    Bahari A; Wu S; Ayres P, 2023, 'Improving Computer-Assisted Language Learning Through the Lens of Cognitive Load', Educational Psychology Review, 35, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09764-y
    Journal articles | 2023
    Koning BBD; Mok K; Marcus N; Ayres P, 2023, 'Investigating the role of hand perspective in learning from procedural animations', British Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, pp. 251 - 269, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12542
    Journal articles | 2022
    Gupta R; Marcus N; Ayres P, 2022, 'Investigating the impact of gender-differences and spatial ability on learning from instructional animations', Annee Psychologique, 122, pp. 537 - 561, http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ANPSY1.223.0537
    Journal articles | 2021
    Ayres P; Lee JY; Paas F; van Merriënboer JJG, 2021, 'The Validity of Physiological Measures to Identify Differences in Intrinsic Cognitive Load', Frontiers in Psychology, 12, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702538
    Journal articles | 2021
    Manson E; Ayres P, 2021, 'Investigating how errors should be flagged and worked examples structured when providing feedback to novice learners of mathematics', Educational Psychology, 41, pp. 153 - 171, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1650895
    Journal articles | 2020
    Ayres P, 2020, 'Something old, something new from cognitive load theory', Computers in Human Behavior, 113, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106503
    Journal articles | 2020
    Mierowsky R; Marcus N; Ayres P, 2020, 'Using mimicking gestures to improve observational learning from instructional videos', Educational Psychology, 40, pp. 550 - 569, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1650896
    Journal articles | 2019
    Castro-Alonso JC; Wong M; Adesope OO; Ayres P; Paas F, 2019, 'Gender Imbalance in Instructional Dynamic Versus Static Visualizations: a Meta-analysis', Educational Psychology Review, 31, pp. 361 - 387, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09469-1
    Journal articles | 2019
    Sugiman ; Retnowati E; Ayres P; Murdanu , 2019, 'Learning goal-free problems: Collaboratively or individually?', Cakrawala Pendidikan, 38, pp. 590 - 600, http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/cp.v38i3.26914
    Journal articles | 2019
    de Koning BB; Marcus N; Brucker B; Ayres P, 2019, 'Does observing hand actions in animations and static graphics differentially affect learning of hand-manipulative tasks?', Computers and Education, 141, pp. 103636 - 103636, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103636
    Journal articles | 2018
    Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Wong M; Paas F, 2018, 'Learning symbols from permanent and transient visual presentations: Don't overplay the hand', Computers & Education, 116, pp. 1 - 13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.08.011
    Journal articles | 2018
    Retnowati E; Ayres P; Sweller J, 2018, 'Collaborative learning effects when students have complete or incomplete knowledge', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32, pp. 681 - 692, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3444
    Journal articles | 2018
    Weltman H; Timchenko V; Sofios H; Ayres P; Marcus N, 2018, 'Evaluation of an adaptive tutorial supporting the teaching of mathematics', European Journal of Engineering Education, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2018.1513993
    Journal articles | 2018
    Wong M; Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2018, 'Investigating gender and spatial measurements in instructional animation research', Computers in Human Behavior, 89, pp. 446 - 456, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.017
    Journal articles | 2017
    Lajevardi N; Narang NS; Marcus N; Ayres P, 2017, 'Can mimicking gestures facilitate learning from instructional animations and static graphics?', Computers and Education, 110, pp. 64 - 76, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.03.010
    Journal articles | 2017
    Retnowati E; Ayres P; Sweller J, 2017, 'Can collaborative learning improve the effectiveness of worked examples in learning mathematics?', Journal of Educational Psychology, 109, pp. 666 - 679, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/edu0000167
    Journal articles | 2017
    Singh AM; Marcus N; Ayres P, 2017, 'Strategies to reduce the negative effects of spoken explanatory text on integrated tasks', Instructional Science, 45, pp. 239 - 261, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11251-016-9400-2
    Journal articles | 2017
    Stebner F; Kühl T; Höffler TN; Wirth J; Ayres P, 2017, 'The role of process information in narrations while learning with animations and static pictures', Computers and Education, 104, pp. 34 - 48, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.001
    Journal articles | 2016
    Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2016, 'Comparing apples and oranges? A critical look at research on learning from statics versus animations', Computers and Education, 102, pp. 234 - 243, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.09.004
    Journal articles | 2016
    Smith A; Ayres P, 2016, 'Investigating the Modality and Redundancy Effects for Learners with Persistent Pain', Educational Psychology Review, 28, pp. 401 - 424, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9293-z
    Journal articles | 2015
    Ayres P, 2015, 'State-of-the-Art Research into Multimedia Learning: A Commentary on Mayer's Handbook of Multimedia Learning', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29, pp. 631 - 636, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3142
    Journal articles | 2015
    Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2015, 'Animations showing Lego manipulative tasks: Three potential moderators of effectiveness', Computers and Education, 85, pp. 1 - 13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.12.022
    Journal articles | 2015
    Fraser KL; Ayres P; Sweller J, 2015, 'Cognitive load theory for the design of medical simulations', Simulation in Healthcare, 10, pp. 295 - 307, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0000000000000097
    Journal articles | 2015
    Wong M; Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2015, 'Gender Effects When Learning Manipulative Tasks From Instructional Animations and Static Presentations', Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 18, pp. 37 - 52, http://www.ifets.info/journals/18_4/4.pdf
    Journal articles | 2014
    Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2014, 'Learning from observing hands in static and animated versions of non-manipulative tasks', Learning and Instruction, 34, pp. 11 - 21, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.07.005
    Journal articles | 2014
    Paas F; Ayres P, 2014, 'Cognitive Load Theory: A Broader View on the Role of Memory in Learning and Education', Educational Psychology Review, 26, pp. 191 - 195, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9263-5
    Journal articles | 2014
    Youssef-Shalala A; Ayres P; Schubert C; Sweller J, 2014, 'Using a general problem-solving strategy to promote transfer', Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20, pp. 215 - 231, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xap0000021
    Journal articles | 2013
    Marcus N; Cleary B; Wong A; Ayres P, 2013, 'Should hand actions be observed when learning hand motor skills from instructional animations?', Computers in Human Behavior, 29, pp. 2172 - 2178, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.035
    Journal articles | 2013
    Smith AJ; Ayres, P , 2013, 'The Impact of Persistent Pain on Working Memory and Learning', Educational Psychology Review, 26, pp. 245 - 264, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-013-9247-x
    Journal articles | 2012
    Ayres P; Paas F, 2012, 'Cognitive load theory: New directions and challenges', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, pp. 827 - 832, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.2882
    Journal articles | 2012
    Ayres P, 2012, 'Can the isolated-elements strategy be improved by targeting points of high cognitive load for additional practice?', Learning and Instruction, 23, pp. 115 - 124, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.08.002
    Journal articles | 2012
    Moussa-inaty J; Ayres PL; Sweller J, 2012, 'Improving listening skills in English as a foreign language by reading rather than listening: A cognitive load perspective', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, pp. 391 - 402, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1840
    Journal articles | 2012
    Singh A; Marcus N; Ayres P, 2012, 'The transient information effect: Investigating the impact of segmentation on spoken and written text', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, pp. 848 - 853, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.2885
    Journal articles | 2012
    Youssef A; Ayres P; Sweller J, 2012, 'Using general problem-solving strategies to generate ideas in order to solve geography problems', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, pp. 848 - 853, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.2888
    Journal articles | 2011
    Ayres PL; Zhang L; Chan K, 2011, 'Examining different types of collaborative learning in a complex computer-based environment: A cognitive load approach', Computers in Human Behavior, 27, pp. 94 - 98, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.038
    Journal articles | 2011
    Kirschner PA; Ayres PL; Chandler PA, 2011, 'Contemporary cognitive load theory research: The good, the bad and the ugly', Computers in Human Behavior, 27, pp. 99 - 105, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.025
    Journal articles | 2010
    Retnowati E; Ayres PL; Sweller J, 2010, 'Worked example effects in individual and group work settings', Educational Psychology, 30, pp. 349 - 367, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443411003659960
    Journal articles | 2009
    Ayres PL; Gog TV, 2009, 'State of the art research into Cognitive Load Theory', Computers in Human Behavior, 25, pp. 253 - 257, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.007
    Journal articles | 2009
    Ayres PL; Marcus N; Chan C; Qian N, 2009, 'Learning hand manipulative tasks: When instructional animations are superior to equivalent static representations', Computers in Human Behavior, 25, pp. 348 - 353, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.013
    Journal articles | 2009
    Ayres PL; Paas F, 2009, 'Interdisciplinary perspectives inspiring a new generation of cognitive load research', Educational Psychology Review, 21, pp. 1 - 9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-008-9090-7
    Journal articles | 2009
    McCormick JM; Ayres PL, 2009, 'Teacher self-efficacy and occupational stress: A major Australian curriculum reform revisited', Journal of Educational Administration, 47, pp. 463 - 476, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09578230910967446
    Journal articles | 2009
    Nyhan B; Ayres PL, 2009, 'Creating the social foundations for apprenticeship in Ireland', Journal of European Industrial Training, 33, pp. 457 - 469, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090590910966599
    Journal articles | 2009
    Van Gog T; Paas F; Marcus N; Ayres PL; Sweller J, 2009, 'The mirror neuron system and observational learning: Implications for the effectiveness of dynamic visualizations', Educational Psychology Review, 21, pp. 21 - 30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-008-9094-3
    Journal articles | 2009
    Wong A; Marcus N; Ayres PL; Sweller J, 2009, 'Instructional animations can be superior to statics when learning human motor skills', Computers in Human Behavior, 25, pp. 339 - 347, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.012
    Journal articles | 2009
    Young MO; Ayres PL; Rogers KL, 2009, 'Getting in: Australian university decision-making processes when gifted learners apply for early admission', Australasian Journal of Gifted Education, 18, pp. 43 - 54, http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=985150490730786;res=IELHSS
    Journal articles | 2008
    Paas F; Van Gog T; Kirschner F; Marcus N; Ayres P; Sweller J, 2008, 'Interdisciplinary perspectives on cognitive load research as a key to tackle challenges of contemporary education', Beyond Knowledge: The Legacy of Competence: Meaningful Computer-based Learning Environments, pp. 7 - 9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8827-8_2
    Journal articles | 2007
    Ayres PL; Paas F, 2007, 'Can the Cognitive Load Approach Make Instructional Animations More Effective?', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, pp. 811 - 820, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1351
    Journal articles | 2007
    Ayres PL; Paas F, 2007, 'Making Instructional Animations More Effective: A Cognitive Load Approach', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, pp. 695 - 700, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1343
    Journal articles | 2007
    Mayer R; Deleeuw K; Ayres PL, 2007, 'Creating Retroactive and Proactive Interference in Multimedia Learning', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, pp. 795 - 809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1350
    Journal articles | 2007
    Young MO; Rogers KL; Ayres PL, 2007, 'The state of early tertiary admission in Australia: 2000 to present', Australasian Journal of Gifted Education, 16, pp. 15 - 25, http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=797484890408330;res=IELHSS
    Journal articles | 2006
    Ayres PL, 2006, 'Impact of reducing intrinsic cognitive load on learning in a mathematical domain', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, pp. 287 - 298, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1245
    Journal articles | 2006
    Ayres PL, 2006, 'Using subjective measures to detect variations of intrinsic cognitive load within problems', Learning and Instruction, 16, pp. 389 - 400, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.09.001
    Journal articles | 2006
    McCormick J; Ayres PL; Beechey B, 2006, 'Teaching self-efficacy, stress and coping in a major curriculum reform: Applying theory to context', Journal of Educational Administration, 44, pp. 53 - 70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09578230610642656
    Journal articles | 2006
    McCormick JM; Ayres PL; Beechey B, 2006, 'Teaching self-efficacy, stress and coping in a major curriculum reform', Journal of Educational Administration, 44, pp. 53 - 70
    Journal articles | 2005
    Ayres PL, 2005, 'The Scaling of HSC English: Myths and Facts', The Scaling of HSC English: Myths and Facts, 142, pp. 10 - 15
    Journal articles | 2005
    Clarke TA; Ayres PL; Sweller J, 2005, 'The impact of sequencing and prior knowledge on learning mathematics through spreadsheet applications', Etr&D - Educational Technology Research and Development, 53, pp. 15 - 24, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02504794
    Journal articles | 2005
    Merrienboer J; Ayres PL, 2005, 'Research on Cognitive Load Theory and Its Design Implications for E-learning: Introduction to the special issue', Etr&D - Educational Technology Research and Development, 53, pp. 5 - 13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02504793
    Journal articles | 2005
    Pawley DM; Ayres PL; Cooper MG; Sweller J, 2005, 'Translating words into equations: A cognitive load theory approach', Educational Psychology, 25, pp. 75 - 97, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144341042000294903
    Journal articles | 2005
    van Merrienboer JJG; Ayres P, 2005, 'Research on cognitive load theory and its design implications for e-learning', ETR&D-EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 53, pp. 5 - 13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02504793
    Journal articles | 2004
    Ayres PL; Sawyer W; Dinham S, 2004, 'Effective teaching in the context of a Grade 12 high-stakes external examination in New South Wales, Australia', British Educational Research Journal, 30, pp. 141 - 165, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411920310001630008
    Journal articles | 2003
    Kalyuga S; Ayres PL; Chandler PA; Sweller J, 2003, 'The expertise reversal effect', Educational Psychologist, 38, pp. 23 - 31, http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3801_4
    Journal articles | 2001
    Ayres PL, 2001, 'Systematic mathematical errors and cognitive load', Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26, pp. 227 - 248, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2000.1051
    Journal articles | 2000
    Ayres PL; Dinham S; Sawyer W, 2000, 'What Does an Effective year 12 English Teacher Look Like?', Stella, 129-130, pp. 51 - 64
    Journal articles | 1993
    Ayres PL, 1993, 'Why Goal-Free Problems Can Facilitate Learning', Contemporary Educational Psychology, 18, pp. 376 - 381, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1993.1027
    Journal articles | 1990
    AYRES P; SWELLER J, 1990, 'LOCUS OF DIFFICULTY IN MULTISTAGE MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 103, pp. 167 - 193, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423141
  • Conference Papers | 2019
    Brucker B; Marcus N; de Koning B; Ehlis A-C; Ayres P; Gerjets P, 2019, 'Learning with Dynamic and Static Visualizations: Influence of Observing Hands and Spatial Ability', in European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI), RWTH Aachen University, Germany., presented at EARLI 2019, RWTH Aachen University, Germany., 12 August 2019 - 16 November 2019
    Conference Presentations | 2019
    Marcus N; Mok K; Ayres P; Van Gog T, 2019, 'Investigating the role of hand perspective when learning knot tying from instructional animations.', presented at 12th International Cognitive Load theory conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 17 June 2019 - 19 June 2019
    Conference Presentations | 2018
    de Koning B; Marcus N; Bruecker B; Ayres P, 2018, 'Helping Hands? Learning hand motor skills from static graphics and animations with and without hands.', presented at 2018 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), New York, USA, 13 April 2018 - 17 April 2018, http://www.aera.net/Publications/Online-Paper-Repository/AERA-Online-Paper-Repository/Owner/556829
    Conference Papers | 2017
    Gomes F; Ayres P; Marcus N, 2017, 'The Role of Gender and Spatial Ability in Enhancing Static Pictures with Embodied Cognition.', in European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction. (ed.), The 17th Biennial EARLI 2017 conference, The 17th Biennial EARLI 2017 conference, Tampere, Finland, presented at The 17th Biennial EARLI 2017 conference, Tampere, Finland, 29 August 2017 - 02 September 2017
    Conference Abstracts | 2017
    Marcus N; Ghatpande A; Ayres P, 2017, 'Is reading, writing or typing a better way to learn.', in International Cognitive Load Theory conference 2017, 10th International Cognitive Load Theory Conference, Wollongong, Australia, presented at 10th International Cognitive Load Theory Conference, Wollongong, Australia, 20 November 2017 - 22 November 2017
    Conference Abstracts | 2017
    Weltman HR; Marcus N; Timchenko V; Ayres P, 2017, 'Adaptive Tutorials to Support Learning', in International Cognitive Load Theory Conference (ICLTC2017), International Cognitive Load Theory Conference (ICLTC2017), Wollongong, Australia, presented at International Cognitive Load Theory Conference (ICLTC2017), Wollongong, Australia, 20 November 2017 - 22 November 2017
    Conference Presentations | 2016
    Ayres P; Mierowsky R; Marcus N, 2016, 'The Impact of Gesturing when Learning to Play Piano Clips from Animations', presented at The 9th International Cognitive Load Theory Conference, Bochum, Germany, 22 June 2016 - 24 June 2016, http://icltc2016.de/schedule/
    Conference Presentations | 2016
    Marcus N; Lajevardi N; Ayres P, 2016, 'Does gesturing improve the learning of human motor skills for children, when learning from instructional animation and statics?', presented at The 9th International Cognitive Load Theory Conference, Bochum, Germany, 22 June 2016 - 24 June 2016
    Conference Papers | 2016
    Wong M; Castro-Alonso JC; Ayres P; Paas F, 2016, 'Learning with instructional animation in a different way', in Learning with instructional animation in a different way, EARLI 2016 SIG6&7, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France, presented at EARLI 2016 SIG6&7, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France, 24 August 2016 - 26 August 2016
    Conference Papers | 2015
    Singh A; Marcus N; ayres P, 2015, 'The Impact of Segmentation on Written and Spoken Explanations involving Complex Explanatory Text', in European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction. (ed.), 16th Biennial EARLI conference, 16th Biennial EARLI conference, Limassol, Cyprus, presented at 16th Biennial EARLI conference, Limassol, Cyprus, 25 August 2015 - 29 August 2015
    Conference Papers | 2015
    ayres P; Castro- Alonso JC; Singh A; Wong M; Marcus N; Paas F, 2015, 'Strategies and Learner Characteristics that Make Instructional Animations Effective', in Shoniregun CA; Akmayera GA (ed.), Published Proceedeings of the 2015 Irish International Conference on Education,, Ireland International Conference on Education, Dublin, pp. 340 - 344, presented at Ireland International Conference on Education, Dublin, 20 April 2015 - 22 April 2015, http://www.cnr.it/istituti/Allegato_101626.pdf?LO=01000000d9c8b7a6090000000d000000ed13000095819c53000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&type=
    Conference Presentations | 2013
    Marcus N; Ayres P; narang N, 2013, 'Does adding gestures to both instructional animations and statics improve learning human motor skills?', presented at 6th International Cognitive Load Theory Conference, Toulouse, France, 26 June 2013 - 28 June 2013
    Conference Papers | 2012
    Ayres P; Kalyuga S; Sweller J, 2012, 'An  application  of  the  imagination  effect  in  a  real-­life   business  training  program', in EARLI SIG 6/7 Conference 2012 Program Book, Universita Degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy, pp. 189 - 191, presented at Instructional design for advancing learning in a networked society, Bari, Italy, 11 September 2012 - 13 September 2012, http://earli-sig67.slo.nl/
    Conference Papers | 2012
    Bellec D; Tricot A; Ayres P, 2012, 'A comparison of different levels of interactions when using the isolated-elements strategy', in STAGING KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE: HOW TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF REPRESENTATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING?, Université Pierre-Mendès-France, Grenoble, France, pp. 31 - 33, presented at EARLI SIG2 Meeting 2012, Grenoble, France, 28 August 2012 - 31 August 2012, http://earlisig2-2012.upmf-grenoble.fr/
    Conference Papers | 2010
    Ayres PL, 2010, 'Can Australians mark KS3 mathematics exams? A study in cultural differences', in Published Proceedings of the 7th British Congress of Mathematics Education, In M. Joubert & P. Andrews (Eds.), Manchester, UK, pp. 25 - 32, presented at 7th British Congress of Mathematics Education, Manchester, UK
    Conference Papers | 2010
    Ayres PL, 2010, 'Reducing intrinsic cognitive load: Different strategies with a common explanation', in Published Proceedings of the 2010 EARLI SIG 6/7 Conference, In T. Seufert, G. Corbalan, J. Zumbach & B. Logorio (Eds.), Ulm, Germany, pp. 164 - 166, presented at 2010 EARLI SIG 6/7 Conference, Ulm, Germany
    Conference Papers | 2010
    Youssef A; Ayres PL; Sweller SM, 2010, 'Evidence for a teachable/learnable general problem solving strategy', in Evidence for a teachable/learnable general problem solving strategy, 4th International Cognitive Load Theory Conference, Hong Kong, presented at 4th International Cognitive Load Theory Conference, Hong Kong, 22 November 2010 - 25 November 2010
    Conference Papers | 2008
    Ayres PL; Youssef A, 2008, 'Investigating the influence of transitory information and motivation during instructional animations', in International Perspectives in the Learning Sciences., Utrecht, Netherlands, pp. 68 - 75, presented at 8th International Conference for the Learning Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands, 23 June 2008 - 28 June 2008
    Conference Papers | 2006
    Ayres PL; McCormick JM, 2006, 'Grade 12 Mathematics Teachers` Views on Curriculum Reform in NSW', in Annual Conference 29 Maths Education Research Group of Australasia, Annual Conference 29 Maths Education Research Group of Australasia, Canberra, presented at Annual Conference 29 Maths Education Research Group of Australasia, Canberra, 01 July 2006 - 05 July 2006
    Conference Papers | 2002
    Ayres PL; McCormick JM; Beechey B, 2002, 'Teachers` Perceptions of the Implementation of the New South Wales Higher School Certificate', in Cowley T; Williamson J (ed.), AARE Conference Papers - Electronic, AARE, Victoria, presented at AARE 2002: Australian Association for Research in Education National Conference, Brisbane, Qld, 01 December 2002 - 05 December 2002
    Conference Papers | 2002
    Way J; Ayres PL, 2002, 'The stability of young students probability notions', in International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Norwich, UK, presented at International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Norwich, UK, 21 July 2002 - 26 July 2002
    Conference Papers | 2001
    Ayres PL; Sawyer W; Dinham S, 2001, 'Effective teaching and student independance of Grade 12', in AERA Annual Conference, AERA Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington, USA, pp. 1 - 2, presented at AERA Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington, USA, 10 April 2001 - 14 April 2001
    Conference Papers | 2001
    Ayres PL; Way J, 2001, 'The effects of instruction on likelihood misconceptions', in 25th conference of the international group for the Psychology of mathematics education, 25th conference of the international group for the Psychology of mathematics education, Utrecht, the Netherlands, presented at 25th conference of the international group for the Psychology of mathematics education, Utrecht, the Netherlands
    Conference Papers | 2000
    Ayres PL; Way J, 2000, 'Knowing the Sample Space or Not: The Effects on Decision Making', in PME 24, PME 24, Hiroshima Japan 2000, presented at PME 24, Hiroshima Japan 2000, 23 July 2000 - 27 July 2000
    Conference Papers | 2000
    Ayres PL, 2000, 'An analysis of bracket expansion errors', in PME 24, PME 24, Hiroshima Japan 2000, presented at PME 24, Hiroshima Japan 2000, 23 July 2000 - 27 July 2000
    Conference Papers | 2000
    Ayres PL, 2000, 'Mental effort and errors in bracket expansion tasks', in Mathematics Education Beyond 2000, 23rd annual conference of the mathematics education research group of Australasia incorporated, Fremantle, WA, presented at 23rd annual conference of the mathematics education research group of Australasia incorporated, Fremantle, WA, 05 July 2000 - 09 July 2000

Associate Editor for Applied Cognitive Psychology (2010-)

Chair for Division C Section 7 (Technology Research): 2009 American Education Research Association Annual Conference, San Diego

Conference Chair for the First International Conference on Cognitive Load Theory (March 2007, Sydney, Australia)

Media appearance on ABC Catalyst: TV Program on Cognitive Load Theory (2007)

Sabbaticals
2008 The Centre for Learning Sciences and Technologies, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, NL
2004 Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

My Teaching

Undergraduate courses
EDST 1101 Educational Psychology 1
An introduction to the study of educational psychology which examines some aspects of development and of learning and instruction. Topics include: cognitive development, development of memory, the role of knowledge, problem solving and thinking, and an introduction to instructional methods.

Postgraduate courses
EDST5303 Human Cognitive Architecture
How human beings think, reason and solve problems. The basics of what is known about human thinking, including the major concepts, methods and research findings which have been produced overt he last half century, along with relevant applications.