Professor Sandra Hale

Professor Sandra Hale

Professor

Bachelor of Arts (Interpreting & Translation), NAATI Spanish interpreter/translator & Conference interpreter, Diploma of Education (Italian & Spanish), Master of Applied Linguistics, PhD (Court interpreting/forensic linguistics), Doctorate Honoris Causa (Interpreting and Translation Studies)

Arts, Design & Architecture (ADA)
School of Humanities & Languages

Sandra graduated with the first PhD in forensic linguistics/court interpreting in Australia in 2001. Since then, her research has covered different aspects of legal interpreting, including issues of quality, accuracy, codes of ethics, role expectations, the impact of interpreters on legal proceedings, the perceptions of interpreters held by service providers and non-English speakers and the impact of working conditions on interpreter performance.

As a pioneer in legal interpreting research, Sandra is one of the first in the world to conduct large data-based research of court interpreted proceedings, using a combination of innovative research methods that have been later adopted by other researchers. Her research has not only described current interpreting practices, but also tested their effect on judicial outcomes. Using authentic court transcripts, her early research micro-analysed the discoursal interaction between the law, the non-English speaking witnesses, and the interpreters, with particular attention to the impact of the interpreters’ renditions on the effect of strategic questions and on juror evaluations of witness testimony. Sandra is also among the few to have conducted experimental studies in the field. The results of her studies shed light on the meaning of accuracy in legal settings and have led to the development of a model of court interpreting accuracy, informed by Pragmatic theory, which is now widely used as a basis for interpreting training and as a theoretical model for PhD research.

Using a combination of experimental and discourse analytical methods, her most recent research has focused on different aspects of police and court interpreting, including the effect of interpreter education and background, language combination, interpreter mode and interpreter presence or remoteness on interpreter performance. Interpreters' maintenance of strategic investigative interview techniques, including rapport building, as well as their interpretation of vulgar and emotional language have also been key areas of investigation. Other research topics addressed by her research have included the impact of working conditions on interpreting accuracy. 

All of Sandra’s research has practical applications for interpreting training and practice, as well as for policy on court interpreting. Sandra has actively disseminated the results of research not only among academics, but also among practising interpreters, legal practitioners and the judiciary, which has helped to raise awareness of interpreting issues and achieve better judicial outcomes. She has been invited to provide expert advice on interpreting for different jurisdictions and is cited in various judges' Bench books and state protocols for working with Interpreters. She was a principal author of the Recommended National Standards for Working with Interpreters in Courts and Tribunals, launched in 2017 by the Judicial Council on Cultural Diversity. 

Phone
+61 2 9385 1279
Location
207 Morven Brown
  • Books | 2013
    Hale S; Napier J, 2013, Research Methods in Interpreting: A Practical Resource, Bloomsbury, London & New York, http://www.bloomsbury.com/au/research-methods-in-interpreting-9781441168511/
    Books | 2010
    Hale S, 2010, La interpretación comunitaria, Original, Editorial Comares, Granada
    Books | 2009
    2009, The Critical Link 5. Quality in interpreting - a shared responsibility, Hale S; Stern L; Ozolins U, (eds.), John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia
    Books | 2008
    2008, Interpreting in Legal Settings, Hale S, (ed.), Gallaudet University Press, Washington D.C
    Books | 2007
    Hale S, 2007, Community Interpreting, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK
    Books | 2004
    Hale S, 2004, The discourse of court interpreting., John Benjamins, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    Books | 1994
    Valverde E; Hale S; Ramirez E, 1994, Unlocking Australia's Language Potential. Profiles of Nine Key Languages in Australia, Original, National Languages and Literacy Institute of Australia, 112 Wellington Parade, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
  • Book Chapters | 2023
    Napier J; Hale S, 2023, 'Exploring mixed methods in interpreting research: An example from a series of studies on court interpreting', in Introducing New Hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies): A tribute to Franz Pöchhacker, John Benjamins, pp. 22 - 43, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.160.02nap
    Book Chapters | 2023
    Napier J; Hale S, 2023, 'Exploring mixed methods in interpreting research: An example from a series of studies on court interpreting', in Zwischenberger C; Reithofer K; Rennert S (ed.), Introducing New Hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies): A tribute to Franz Pöchhacker, John Benjamins, pp. 22 - 43, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.160.02nap
    Book Chapters | 2022
    Napier J; Russell D; Hale S; Spencer D; San Roque M, 2022, 'Training legal interpreters to work with deaf jurors', in Roy C (ed.), Legal Interpreting Teaching, Research, and Practice, Gallaudet University Press, Washington D.C., pp. 246 - 281, https://gupress.gallaudet.edu/legal-interpreting.html
    Book Chapters | 2020
    Goodman-Delahunty J; Martschuk N; Hale S; Brandon S, 2020, 'Interpreted police interviews: A review of contemporary research', in Miller MK; Bornstein BH (ed.), Advances in psychology and law, Springer International Publishing, pp. 83 - 186, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54678-6
    Book Chapters | 2020
    Goodman-Delahunty J; Martschuk N; Hale SB; Brandon SE, 2020, 'Interpreted Police Interviews: A Review of Contemporary Research', in Advances in Psychology and Law, Springer International Publishing, pp. 83 - 136, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54678-6_4
    Book Chapters | 2020
    Hale S; Goodman-Delahunty J; Martschuk N, 2020, 'Interactional management in a simulated police interview: Interpreters’ strategies', in Mason M; Rock F (ed.), The discourse of police interviews, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 200 - 226, http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/9780226647821
    Book Chapters | 2020
    Hale S, 2020, 'Court interpreting. The need to raise the bar: court interpreters as specialized experts', in Coulthard M; May A; Sousa-Silva R (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, Routledge, London & New York, pp. 485 - 501, https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Forensic-Linguistics/Coulthard-May-Sousa-Silva/p/book/9780367137847
    Book Chapters | 2019
    Hale S, 2019, 'Specialist legal interpreters for a fairer justice system', in Faiq S (ed.), Discourse in translation, Routledge, Oxon; New York, pp. 47 - 66, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315098791-4
    Book Chapters | 2017
    Hale SB; Gonzalez E, 2017, 'Teaching legal interpreting at university level: A research-based approach', in Cirillo L; Niemants N (ed.), Teaching Dialogue Interpreting Research-based proposals for higher education, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, pp. 199 - 216, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.138.10hal
    Book Chapters | 2015
    Hale S; Napier J, 2015, 'Methodology', in Pochhacker F (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Interpreting Studies, Routledge, London & New York, pp. 257 - 260, https://www.routledge.com/products/9780415634328
    Book Chapters | 2015
    Hale S, 2015, 'Community Interpreting', in Pochhacker F (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Interpreting Studies, Routledge, London & New York, pp. 65 - 69, https://www.routledge.com/products/9780415634328
    Book Chapters | 2015
    Hale S, 2015, 'Register', in Pochhacker F (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Interpreting Studies, Routledge, London & New York, pp. 338 - 339, https://www.routledge.com/products/9780415634328
    Book Chapters | 2011
    Hale S, 2011, 'Public Service Interpreting', in The Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 343 - 357
    Book Chapters | 2010
    Hale S, 2010, 'Court interpreting: The need to raise the bar: Court interpreters as specialized experts', in The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, pp. 440 - 454
    Book Chapters | 2010
    Hale S, 2010, 'The need to raise the bar. Court interpreters as specialized experts', in Coulthard M; Johnson A (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, edn. Original, Routledge, New York
    Book Chapters | 2009
    Ozolins U; Hale S; Stern L, 2009, 'Quality in interpreting: A shared responsibility', in The Critical Link 5. Quality in interpreting - a shared responsibility, edn. Original, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 10
    Book Chapters | 2009
    Ozolins U; Hale SB, 2009, '1. Introduction. Quality in interpreting', in Benjamins Translation Library, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 1 - 10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.87.01ozo
    Book Chapters | 2008
    Hale S; Russell D, 2008, 'Introduction', in Russell D; Hale SB (ed.), Interpreting in Legal Settings, edn. Illustrated, Gallaudet University Press, Washington D.C, pp. 75 - 75, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mice.12054
    Book Chapters | 2008
    Hale S, 2008, 'Controversies over the role of the court interpreter', in Valero-Garcés C; Martin A (ed.), Crossing Borders in Community Interpreting, edn. Original, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp. 99 - 121
    Book Chapters | 2008
    Hale SB, 2008, '6. Controversies over the role of the court interpreter', in Benjamins Translation Library, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 99 - 121, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.76.06hal
    Book Chapters | 2005
    Hale S, 2005, 'Los interpretes y su influencia en la evaluacion del caracter de los testigos en el sistema acusatorio', in Turell M (ed.), Lingüística forense, lengua y derecho: conceptos, métodos y aplicaciones, edn. Original, Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada, Barcelona, pp. 221 - 232
    Book Chapters | 2005
    Hale S, 2005, 'The interpreter's identity crisis', in House J; Baumgarten N (ed.), Translation and the construction of identity, edn. Original, IATIS, USA, pp. 14 - 29
    Book Chapters | 2004
    Hale SB, 2004, 'The Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse practices of the law, the witness and the interpreter', in Benjamins Translation Library, pp. 1 - 284
    Book Chapters | 2003
    Hale S; Campbell S, 2003, 'Translation and Interpreting Assessment in the Context of Educational Measurement', in Translation today: trends and perspectives, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, pp. 205 - 224
    Book Chapters | 2001
    Hale S, 2001, 'How are courtroom questions interpreted? An analysis of Spanish interpreters' practices', in Mason I (ed.), Triadic Exchanges. Studies in Dialogue Interpreting, edn. Original, St. Jerome Pub., Manchester, pp. 21 - 50
    Book Chapters | 2001
    Hale S, 2001, 'Review article on trasvases culturales: literatura, cine, traduccion.', in Translatio XX, edn. Original, pp. 255 - 273
    Book Chapters | 1997
    Hale S, 1997, 'The interpreter on trial: Pragmatics in court interpreting', in Carr SE; Roberts RP; Dufour A; Steyn D (ed.), The Critical Link: Interpreters in the Community, edn. Original, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp. 201 - 211
    Book Chapters | 1997
    Hale SB, 1997, 'The interpreter on trial', in Benjamins Translation Library, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 201 - 201, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.19.21hal
    Book Chapters |
    Hale SB; González E, 'Chapter 10. Teaching Legal Interpreting at university level', in Benjamins Translation Library, John Benjamins Publishing Company, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.138.10cir
  • Edited Books | 2009
    Hale SB; Ozolins U; Stern L, (eds.), 2009, The Critical Link 5. Quality in interpreting: A shared responsibility, John Benajmins Publishing Company, Amsterdam and Philladelphia
    Edited Books | 2008
    Hale SB; Russell D, (ed.), 2008, Interpreting in legal settings, Gallaudet University Press, Washington D.C.
  • Journal articles | 2023
    Hale S; Lim J; Martschuk N; Goodman-Delahunty J, 2023, 'Note-taking in court interpreting: Interpreter perceptions and practices in a simulated trial', The International Journal for Translation & Interpreting Research, 15, pp. 1 - 21, http://dx.doi.org/10.12807/ti.115201.2023.a01
    Journal articles | 2022
    Doherty S; Martschuk N; Goodman-Delahunty J; Hale S, 2022, 'An eye-movement analysis of overt visual attention during consecutive and simultaneous interpreting modes in a remotely interpreted investigative interview', Frontiers in Psychology, 13, pp. 764460, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.764460
    Journal articles | 2022
    Hale S; Goodman-Delahunty J; Martschuk N; Doherty S, 2022, 'The effects of mode on interpreting performance in a simulated police interview', Translation and Interpreting Studies, 17, pp. 264 - 286, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.19081.hal
    Journal articles | 2022
    Hale S; Goodman-Delahunty J; Martschuk N; Lim J, 2022, 'Does interpreter location make a difference? A study of remote vs face-to-face interpreting in simulated police interviews', Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting, 24, pp. 221 - 253, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.00077.hal
    Journal articles | 2022
    Hyatt A; Lipson-Smith R; Gough K; Butow P; Jefford M; Hack TF; Hale S; Zucchi E; White S; Ozolins U; Schofield P, 2022, 'Including migrant oncology patients in research: A multisite pilot randomised controlled trial testing consultation audio-recordings and question prompt lists', Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 28, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100932
    Journal articles | 2022
    Peelle JE; Spehar B; Jones MS; McConkey S; Myerson J; Hale S; Sommers MS; Tye-Murray N, 2022, 'Increased Connectivity among Sensory and Motor Regions during Visual and Audiovisual Speech Perception', Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 42, pp. 435 - 442, http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0114-21.2021
    Journal articles | 2021
    Myerson J; Tye-Murray N; Spehar B; Hale S; Sommers M, 2021, 'Predicting audiovisual word recognition in noisy situations: Toward precision audiology', Ear and Hearing, pp. 1656 - 1667, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000001072
    Journal articles | 2020
    Hale S; Martschuk N; Goodman-Delahunty J; Taibi M; Xu H, 2020, 'Interpreting profanity in police interviews', Multilingua, 39, pp. 369 - 393, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2019-0065
    Journal articles | 2020
    Ozolins U; Hale S; Cheng X; Hyatt A; Schofield P, 2020, 'Translation and back-translation methodology in health research – a critique', Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, pp. 1 - 9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2020.1734453
    Journal articles | 2020
    Xu H; Hale S; Stern L, 2020, 'Telephone interpreting in lawyer-client interviews: An observational study', The International Journal for Translation and interpreting Research, 12, pp. 18 - 36, http://dx.doi.org/10.12807/ti.112201.2020.a02
    Journal articles | 2020
    Davidson LS; Geers AE; Hale S; Sommers MM; Brenner C; Spehar B, 2020, 'Response to Letter to the Editor: Do Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients Display Domain-General Sequencing Difficulties? A Comment on Davidson et al. (2019)', Ear and Hearing, pp. 1055 - 1056, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000000881
    Journal articles | 2020
    Sommers MS; Spehar B; Tye-Murray N; Myerson J; Hale S, 2020, 'Age Differences in the Effects of Speaking Rate on Auditory, Visual, and Auditory-Visual Speech Perception', Ear and Hearing, pp. 549 - 560, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000000776
    Journal articles | 2019
    Kaur R; Meiser B; Zilliacus E; Tim Wong WK; Woodland L; Watts K; Tomkins S; Kissane D; Girgis A; Butow P; Hale S; Perry A; Aranda SK; Shaw T; Tebble H; Norris C; Goldstein D, 2019, 'Evaluation of an online communication skills training programme for oncology nurses working with patients from minority backgrounds', Supportive Care in Cancer, 27, pp. 1951 - 1960, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4507-4
    Journal articles | 2019
    Davidson LS; Geers AE; Hale S; Sommers MM; Brenner C; Spehar B, 2019, 'Effects of Early Auditory Deprivation on Working Memory and Reasoning Abilities in Verbal and Visuospatial Domains for Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients', Ear and Hearing, vol. 40, pp. 517 - 528, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000000629
    Journal articles | 2018
    Hale S, 2018, 'Interpreter performance in police interviews. Differences between trained interpreters and untrained bilinguals', Interpreter and Translator Trainer, pp. 1 - 25, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2018.1541649
    Journal articles | 2018
    Hyatt A; Lipson-Smith R; Gough K; Butow P; Jefford M; Hack TF; Hale S; Zucchi E; White S; Ozolins U; Schofield P, 2018, 'Culturally and linguistically diverse oncology patients' perspectives of consultation audio-recordings and question prompt lists', Psycho-Oncology, 27, pp. 2180 - 2188, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.4789
    Journal articles | 2018
    Kaur R; Meiser B; Ziliacus E; Wong WKT; Woodland L; Watts K; Tomkins S; Kissane D; Girgis A; Butow P; Hale S; Perry A; Aranda SK; Shaw T; Tebble H; Norris C; Goldstein D, 2018, 'Evaluation of an online communication skills training programme for oncology nurses working with patients from minority backgrounds', Supportive Care in Cancer, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4507-4
    Journal articles | 2018
    Lipson-Smith R; Hyatt A; Murray A; Butow P; Hack TF; Jefford M; Ozolins U; Hale S; Schofield P, 2018, 'Measuring recall of medical information in non-English-speaking people with cancer: A methodology', Health Expectations, 21, pp. 288 - 299, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hex.12614
    Journal articles | 2018
    Liu X; Hale SB, 2018, 'Achieving accuracy in a bilingual courtroom: the effectiveness of specialised legal interpreter training', The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 12, pp. 299 - 321, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2018.1501649
    Journal articles | 2018
    Liu X; Hale SB, 2018, 'Facework strategies in interpreter-mediated cross-examinations: A corpus-assisted approach', The Interpreter's Newsletter, 22, pp. 57 - 77, http://dx.doi.org/10.13137/2421-714X/20738
    Journal articles | 2018
    Napier J; Spencer D; Hale S; Roque MS; Shearim G; Russell D; San Roque M, 2018, 'Changing the international justice landscape: Perspectives on deaf citizenship and jury service', Sign Language Studies, 19, pp. 240 - 266, http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sls.2018.0034
    Journal articles | 2017
    Hale SB; Martschuk N; Ozolins U; Stern L, 2017, 'The effect of interpreting modes on witness credibility assessments', Interpreting, 19, pp. 70 - 97, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.19.1.04hal
    Journal articles | 2017
    Hale SB; San Roque M; Spencer D; Napier J, 2017, 'Deaf citizens as jurors in Australian courts: participating via professional interpreters', International Journal of Speech Language and the Law, 24, pp. 151 - 176, http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.32896
    Journal articles | 2017
    Spencer D; San Roque M; Napier J; Hale SB, 2017, 'Justice is blind as long as it isn’t deaf: excluding deaf people from jury duty – an Australian human rights breach', Australian Journal of Human Rights, 23, pp. 332 - 350, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1323238X.2017.1392479
    Journal articles | 2017
    Watts KJ; Meiser B; Zilliacus E; Kaur R; Taouk M; Girgis A; Butow P; Goldstein D; Hale S; Perry A; Aranda SK; Kissane DW, 2017, 'Communicating with patients from minority backgrounds: Individual challenges experienced by oncology health professionals', European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 26, pp. 83 - 90, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2016.12.001
    Journal articles | 2017
    Watts KJ; Meiser B; Zilliacus E; Kaur R; Taouk M; Girgis A; Butow P; Kissane D; Hale S; Perry A; Aranda SK; Goldstein D, 2017, 'Perspectives of oncology nurses and oncologists regarding barriers to working with patients from a minority background: systemic issues and working with interpreters.', European Journal of Cancer Care, 27, pp. e12758, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12758
    Journal articles | 2016
    Hale SB; Napier J, 2016, '"We're just kind of there" Working conditions and perceptions of appreciation and status in court interpreting', Target, 28, pp. 351 - 371, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.28.3.01hal
    Journal articles | 2016
    Lipson-Smith R; Hyatt A; Butow P; Hack TF; Jefford M; Hale S; Hocking A; Sirianni M; Ozolins U; Yiu D; Schofield P, 2016, 'Are audio recordings the answer? — a pilot study of a communication intervention for non-English speaking patients with cancer', Psycho-Oncology, 25, pp. 1237 - 1240, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.4193
    Journal articles | 2016
    Tye-Mmurray N; Spehar B; Myerson J; Hale S; Sommers M, 2016, 'Lipreading and audiovisual speech recognition across the adult lifespan: Implications for audiovisual integration', Psychology and Aging, vol. 31, pp. 380 - 389, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000094
    Journal articles | 2015
    Hale S; Liddicoat A, 2015, 'The meaning of accuracy and culture, and the rise of the machine in interpreting and translation. A conversation between Sandra Hale and Anthony Liddicoat.', Cultus: The Journal of Intercultural Mediation and Communication, 2015, pp. 14 - 26, http://cultusjournal.com/files/Archives/Hale_Liddicoat_Cultus_8.pdf
    Journal articles | 2015
    Hale S, 2015, 'Approaching the Bench: Teaching Magistrates and Judges how to work Effectively with Interpreters', MonTI. Monografías de Traducción e Interpretación, 7, pp. 163 - 180, http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/MonTI.2015.7.6
    Journal articles | 2015
    Stern L; Hale S, 2015, 'Sharing the responsibility for interpreting quality in the context of a small conference’', Revista Ideas Lenguas Modernas, 1, http://p3.usal.edu.ar/index.php/ideas/issue/view/261
    Journal articles | 2015
    Stern L; Ozolins U; Hale SB, 2015, 'Inefficiencies of court administration despite participants' goodwill', Journal of Judicial Administration, 25, pp. 76 - 95, http://sites.thomsonreuters.com.au/journals/category/journal-of-judicial-administration/
    Journal articles | 2015
    Myerson J; Spehar B; Tye-Murray N; van Engen K; Hale S; Sommers MS, 2015, 'Cross-modal Informational Masking of Lipreading by Babble', Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-015-0990-6
    Journal articles | 2014
    Goodman-Delahunty J; Gumbert-Jourjon T; Hale SB, 2014, 'The biasing influence of linguistic variations in DNA profiling evidence', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46, pp. 1 - 13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2013.877080
    Journal articles | 2014
    Hale SB; Ozolins U; Ozolins U, 2014, 'Monolingual short courses for language-specific accreditation: can they work? A Sydney experience', The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 8, pp. 1 - 23, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2014.929371
    Journal articles | 2014
    Mo, Yongjun ; hale S, 2014, 'Translation and Interpreting Education and Training: Student Voices', International Journal of Interpreter Education, 6, pp. 19 - 34, http://www.cit-asl.org/new/ijie/volume-6-1/
    Journal articles | 2014
    Tye-Murray N; Hale S; Spehar B; Myerson J; Sommers MS, 2014, 'Lipreading in school-age children: The roles of age, hearing status, and cognitive ability', Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, vol. 57, pp. 556 - 565, http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2013_JSLHR-H-12-0273
    Journal articles | 2013
    Hale S, 2013, 'Interpreting culture. Dealing with cross-cultural issues in court interpreting', Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2013.827226
    Journal articles | 2013
    Hale SB, 2013, 'Helping interpreters to truly and faithfully interpret the evidence: The importance of briefing and preparation materials', Australian Bar Review, 37, pp. 307 - 320
    Journal articles | 2011
    Hale S; Bond N; Sutton J, 2011, 'Interpreting accent in the courtroom', Target, 23, pp. 48 - 61, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.23.1.03hal
    Journal articles | 2011
    Hale S; Stern L, 2011, 'Interpreter quality and working conditions: comparing Australian and international courts of justice', Judicial Officers' Bulletin, 23, pp. 75 - 78, http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=473459095094748;res=IELHSS
    Journal articles | 2011
    Hale S, 2011, 'The positive side of community interpreting. An Australian case study', Interpreting, 13, pp. 234 - 248, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.13.2.04hal
    Journal articles | 2011
    Hale S; Rose NS; Myerson J; Strube MJ; Sommers M; Tye-Murray N; Spehar B, 2011, 'The Structure of Working Memory Abilities Across the Adult Life Span', Psychology and Aging, vol. 26, pp. 92 - 110, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021483
    Journal articles | 2011
    Sommers MS; Hale S; Myerson J; Rose N; Tye-Murray N; Spehar B, 2011, 'Listening comprehension across the adult lifespan', Ear and Hearing, vol. 32, pp. 775 - 781, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182234cf6
    Journal articles | 2011
    Tye-Murray N; Spehar B; Myerson J; Sommers MS; Hale S, 2011, 'Cross-modal enhancement of speech detection in young and older adults: Does signal content matter?', Ear and Hearing, vol. 32, pp. 650 - 655, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31821a4578
    Journal articles | 2010
    Friedman E; Hale S, 2010, 'Teaching medical students to work with interpreters', The Journal of Specialised Translation, 14, pp. 121 - 144
    Journal articles | 2010
    Hayes A; Hale S, 2010, 'Appeals on incompetent interpreting', Journal of Judicial Administration, 20, pp. 119 - 130
    Journal articles | 2010
    Tye-Murray N; Sommers M; Spehar B; Myerson J; Hale S, 2010, 'Aging, audiovisual integration, and the principle of inverse effectiveness', Ear and Hearing, vol. 31, pp. 636 - 644, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181ddf7ff
    Journal articles | 2007
    Hale S, 2007, 'The Challenges of Court Interpreting', Alternative Law Journal, 32, pp. 198 - 202, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0703200402
    Journal articles | 2007
    Hale S, 2007, 'The challenges of court interpreting: intricacies, responsibilities and ramifications', Alternative Law Journal, 32, pp. 198 - 202
    Journal articles | 2006
    Hale S, 2006, 'Themes and methodological issues in Court Interpreting research', Linguistica Antverpiensia New Series - Themes in Translation Studies, 5, pp. 205 - 228
    Journal articles | 2002
    Hale S; Campbell S, 2002, 'The Interaction Between Text Difficulty and Translation Accuracy', Babel - Revue Internationale de La Traduction, 48, pp. 14 - 33, http://dx.doi.org/10.1075
    Journal articles | 2002
    Hale S, 2002, 'How faithfully do court interpreters render the style of non-English speaking witnesses' testimonies? A data-based study of Spanish-English bilingual proceedings', Discourse Studies, 4, pp. 25 - 47, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614456020040010201
    Journal articles | 1999
    Eades D; Cooke M; Hale S, 1999, 'Introduction', Forensic Linguistics, 6, pp. 1 - 5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v6i1.1
    Journal articles | 1999
    Hale S; Gibbons J, 1999, 'Varying Realities: Patterned changes in the Interpreter's representation of courtroom and extrenal realities', Applied Linguistics, 20, pp. 203 - 220, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093
    Journal articles | 1999
    Hale S; Gibbons J, 1999, 'Varying realities: Patterned changes in the interpreter's representation of courtroom and external realities', Applied Linguistics, 20, pp. 203 - 220, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/20.2.203
    Journal articles | 1999
    Hale S, 1999, 'Interpreters' treatment of discourse markers in courtroom questions', International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law, 6, pp. 57 - 82, http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/sll.1999.6.1.57
    Journal articles | 1998
    Hale S, 1998, 'El interprete, garantiza la iguldad ante la Ley? El caso de Australia', Sociedad Argentina de Linguistica, 1, pp. 7 - 17
    Journal articles | 1997
    Hale S, 1997, 'Clash of World Perspectives: The discursive practices of the law, the witness and the interpreter', The International Journal of Speech, Language and law, 4, pp. 197 - 209
    Journal articles | 1997
    Hale S, 1997, 'The Treatment of Register Variation in Court Interpreting', The Translator, 3, pp. 39 - 54
    Journal articles | 1996
    Hale S, 1996, 'Pragmatic considerations in court interpreting', Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 19, pp. 61 - 72
  • Conference Presentations | 2019
    Hale S; Stern L, 2019, 'Interpreters and delegates working together in an international setting', presented at AUSIT National Conference, Hobart, Australia, 18 October 2019 - 19 October 2019, https://ausit.org/AUSIT/Eflash/AUSIT_Conference_2019_Abstracts_Program.pdf
    Reports | 2018
    Goodman-Delahunty J; Martschuk N; Hale S; Doherty S; Taibi M, 2018, Interpreter presence, mode, and language in investigative interviews, DJF-16-1200-V-0003904
    Conference Papers | 2018
    Napier J; Russell D; Hale S; Spencer D; San Roque M, 2018, 'Evidence-based training for legal interpreters to work with deaf jurors', in Winston B; Monikowski C; Lee RG (eds.), Reaching New Heights in Interpreter Education: Mentoring,, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, pp. 256 - 275, presented at 2018 Conference of Interpreter Trainers, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 31 October 2018 - 03 November 2018, https://www.cit-asl.org/new/past-conferences/proceedings/2018-proceedings/
    Conference Presentations | 2017
    Goodman-Delahunty J; Martschuk N; Hale S; Doherty S, 2017, 'The influence of language, interpreting mode, and presence on rapport', presented at The Federal Bureau of Investigation High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group Research Symposium, U.S. Institute of Peace Building, Washington, DC, USA, 16 October 2017 - 16 October 2017
    Conference Abstracts | 2017
    Meiser B; Kaur R; Zilliacus E; Wong T; Woodland L; Tomkins S; Kissane D; Girgis A; Butow P; Hale S; Perry A; Aranda S; Shaw T; Tebble H; Goldstein D, 2017, 'Evaluation of an Online Communication Skills Training Programme for Oncology Health Care Professionals Working with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Patients', in Immunotherapy: Molecules and Mountains, Sydney, presented at COSA's 44th Annual Scientif Meeting, Sydney, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajco.12798
    Conference Abstracts | 2017
    Meiser B; Kaur R; Zilliacus E; Wong T; Woodland L; Tomkins S; Kissane D; Girgis A; Butow P; Hale S; Perry A; Aranda SK; Shaw T; Tebble H; Goldstein D, 2017, 'Evaluation of an Online Communication Skills Training Programme for Oncology Health Care Professionals Working with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Patients', in COSA's 44th Annual Scientific Meeting, Immunotherapy: Molecules and Mountains, WILEY, Vol. 13, pp. 66 - 66, presented at COSA's 44th Annual Scientific Meeting, 13 November 2017 - 15 November 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajco.12798
    Conference Presentations | 2017
    Napier J; Hale SB; Spencer D; San Roque M, 2017, '"I had doubts about how it would work and then I was surprised at how well it did work"', presented at IAFL Porto 2017: 13th Biennial Conference of the International Association of Forensic Linguists, Porto, Portugal, 10 July 2017 - 14 July 2017, https://iaflporto2017.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/programme_vfinal.pdf
    Other | 2017
    Spencer D; San Roque M; Hale SB; Napier J, 2017, The High Court Considers Participation of Deaf People in Jury Duty, The Law Society of New South Wales, https://lsj.com.au/articles/the-high-court-considers-participation-of-deaf-people-in-jury-duty/
    Conference Presentations | 2016
    Napier J; Hale SB; Russell D, 2016, 'Does research matter? Informing policy changes through critical interpreting studies about Deaf jurors', presented at Critical Link 8: Critical LinkS - A new generation. Future proofing interpreting and translating, Edinburgh, 29 June 2016 - 01 July 2016, http://www.criticallink.org/cli-blog/2016/5/27/rofghsaf9666emrflwgize89j03ixp
    Conference Presentations | 2015
    Goodman-Delahunty J; Hale SB; Martschuk N; Dhami M, 2015, 'Suspect interviews with interpreters: Measuring accuracy and rapport maintenance', presented at EAPL+WORLD 2015 Conference: Current Challenges for Psychology and Law, Nuremberg, 04 August 2015 - 07 August 2015, http://www.eapl-conference2015.de/Program_EAPL2015.pdf
    Conference Presentations | 2015
    Hale SB; San Roque M, 2015, 'Deaf citizens as jurors: communicating via court interpreters', presented at IAFL 12th Biennial Conference on Forensic Linguistics, Guangdong, China, 06 July 2015 - 09 July 2015
    Conference Presentations | 2015
    Hale SB, 2015, 'Court Interpreting: Status, working conditions and quality', presented at Cultural Diversity and the Law conference: Access to Justice in Multicultural Australia, Sydney, 13 March 2015 - 14 March 2015, http://cdlc.org.au/
    Conference Presentations | 2015
    Hale SB, 2015, 'Interpreting in the age of technology', presented at Justice Without Barriers: Technology for Greater Access to Justice Conference, Brisbane, 21 May 2015 - 22 May 2015, https://aija.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Tech15-Program.pdf
    Conference Presentations | 2015
    Meiser B; Zilliacus E; Wong T; Girgis A; Butow P; Hale S; Kissane D; Perry A; Aranda S; Tomkins S; Hodges J; Norris C; Shaw T; Tebble H; Woodland L; Kaur R; Goldstein D, 2015, 'Communication skills training for oncology health care professionals working with culturally and linguistically diverse patients', Vol. 11, pp. 152 - 152, http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000364320800250&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=891bb5ab6ba270e68a
    Reports | 2014
    Hale S; Goodman-Delahunty J; Martschuk N; Dhami MK, 2014, Effects on situational and relational variables on interpreting in high stakes interviewing, Charles Sturt University, Manly
    Conference Posters | 2014
    Napier J; Hale SB, 2014, 'Deaf citizens as jurors: Pioneering research in Australia', RIDBC Renwick Centre, Sydney, presented at 4th Australasian Deaf Studies Research Symposium, RIDBC Renwick Centre, Sydney, 25 October 2014 - 26 October 2014, http://www.vicdeaf.com.au/events-details.asp?id=1497&m=201410&region=7
    Conference Papers | 2013
    Hale S, 2013, 'Alerting the court and tribunal about cultural differences – expectations of judicial officers and tribunal members', in Translation as intercultural mediation - 14-15 November 2013, Research Centre for Languages and Cultures, Research Centre for Languages and Cultures, presented at Translation as intercultural mediation, Research Centre for Languages and Cultures, 14 November 2013 - 15 November 2013
    Conference Abstracts | 2013
    Zilliacus E; Meiser B; Taouk M; Watts K; Kissane D; Girgis A; Butow P; Hale S; Perry A; Aranda S; Goldstein D, 2013, 'WORKING WITH PATIENTS FROM CULTURALLY AND LINGUISTICALLY DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS: PERSPECTIVES OF ONCOLOGY HEALTH PROFESSIONALS', in ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, WILEY-BLACKWELL, Vol. 9, pp. 130 - 130, https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000325868800222&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=891bb5ab6ba270e68a29b250adbe88d1
    Reports | 2012
    Hale S; Garcia I; Hlavac J; Kim M; Lai M; Turner B; Slatyer H, 2012, Improvements to NAATI testing. Development of a conceptual overview for a new model for NAATI standards, testing and assessment, National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters, Sydney, http://www.naati.com.au/PDF/INT/INTFinalReport.pdf, https://www.naati.com.au/media/1062/intfinalreport.pdf
    Conference Presentations | 2012
    Hale SB, 2012, 'Interpreting culture', presented at School of International Studies Conference: "Languages matter. Cultures connect", Sydney, 13 April 2012 - 13 April 2012, https://www.arts.unsw.edu.au/events/languages-matter-cultures-connect-2012-school-of-international-studies-conference/#
    Reports | 2011
    Hale S, 2011, Interpreter Policies, Practices and Protocols in Australian Courts and Tribunals – A National Survey, Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration, Melbourne, 89, http://www.aija.org.au/online/Pub%20no89.pdf
    Conference Presentations | 2011
    Hale SB, 2011, '‘Just interpret the words’: The interpreter as defined by judicial officers and tribunal members', presented at ALAA-ALANZ-ALS Langfest Conference, Canberra, 01 December 2011 - 02 December 2011, https://law.anu.edu.au/sites/all/files/conferences/files/langfest-2011/program_internals.pdf
    Conference Presentations | 2010
    Hale SB, 2010, 'Do interpreters make a difference to juror evaluations of witnesses?', presented at 5th Latin American Congress of Translation and Interpreting, Buenos Aires, 12 May 2010 - 16 May 2010
    Conference Papers | 2008
    Tye-Murray N; Sommers M; Spehar B; Myerson J; Hale S; Rose NS, 2008, 'Auditory-visual discourse comprehension by older and young adults in favorable and unfavorable conditions', in International Journal of Audiology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020802301662
    Conference Presentations | 2004
    Hale S, 2004, 'The impact of the interpreter on the evaluation of witness character in the adversarial system', presented at Critical Link 4, Stockholm, Sweden, 20 May 2004 - 23 May 2004, http://criticallink.org/cli-4/
    Conference Presentations | 2004
    Hale S, 2004, 'The interpreter's identity crisis', presented at International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies, Seoul, South Korea, 11 August 2004 - 14 August 2004, https://www.iatis.org/index.php/1st-iatis-conference/item/130-general-abstracts#SandraHale
    Conference Papers | 2001
    Hale S, 2001, 'Excuse me, the interpreter wants to speak" -Interpreter interruptions in the courtroom: why do interpreters interrupt and what are the consequences?', in Excuse me, the interpreter wants to speak" -Interpreter interruptions in the courtroom: why do interpreters interrupt and what are the consequences?, Interpreting in the Community : the Complexity of the Profession, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, pp. 1 - 8, presented at Interpreting in the Community : the Complexity of the Profession, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 22 May 2001 - 26 May 2001, http://fr.criticallink.org/files/CL3_Hale.pdf
    Conference Papers | 1999
    Hale S; Campbell S, 1999, 'What makes a text difficult to translate?', in What makes a text difficult to translate?, Proceedings of the 23rd Applied Linguistics Association of Australia (ALAA), presented at Proceedings of the 23rd Applied Linguistics Association of Australia (ALAA)
    Conference Papers | 1998
    Hale S, 1998, 'La inmigración y los servicios de intérpretes en Australia Refereed Proceedings of the Memories of Migration', in La inmigración y los servicios de intérpretes en Australia Refereed Proceedings of the Memories of Migration, The Spanish experience in Australia conference, UWS Macarthur, Sydney, pp. 125 - 130, presented at The Spanish experience in Australia conference, UWS Macarthur, Sydney, 05 September 1998

  • Remote simultaneous vs consecutive interpreting in investigative interviews: The effect of language and interpreter training on deception detection, interpreting accuracy and witness credibility (FBI grant)
  • Access to justice in interpreted proceedings: The role of Judicial Officers (ARC Linkage grant)
  • Interpreting justice: mode, accuracy and credibility (ARC Discovery grant)
  • Interpreting mode: interpreter presence, and language in investigative interviews (FBI grant)
  • Interpreters in court: witness credibility with interpreted testimony (ARC Linkage grant)
  • Participation in the administration of justice: Deaf citizens as jurors (ARC Linkage grant)
  • Communication Skills training for oncology health care professionals working with culturally and linguistically diverse patients (ARC Linkage grant)
  • A phase II randomised controlled trial of consultation audiorecordings plus question prompt lists for people with cancer from Greek, Chinese or Arabic background (NHMRC grant)

AUSIT (The Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators)

IAFL (The International Association of Forensic Linguists)

Multicultural NSW (MNSW) Advisory Board Member

Judicial Council on Cultural Diversity (JCCD) member of sub-committee on the Recommended National Standards for Working with Interpreters in Courts and Tribunals.

Sandra is the Immediate Past President of AUSIT as well as an AUSIT Fellow. She is also a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. She is regularly invited to give presentations on Interpreting to judicial officers, tribunal members and lawyers. She has also led a number of important national consultancy projects, including the training of the 2000 Olympic language volunteers, the training of all the Community Relations Commission legal interpreters funded by the NSW Attorney General’s Department and the NAATI INT review. She's currently on the Advisory Board of Multicultural NSW and on the JCCD subcommittee on the Recommended National Standards for Working with Interpreters in Courts and Tribunals. Her books The discourse of court interpreting and Community Interpreting are widely used as text books nationally and internationally, with the latter one already translated into Spanish and Japanese. In 2014 she received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Antwerp, Belgium, for her pioneering research in community interpreting.

My Research Supervision

PhD Candidate, Ran Yi - Interpreting courtroom questions (joint supervisor with Professor Ludmila Stern)

PhD Candidate, Sophia Ra - Intercultural communication challenges in interpreter-mediated healthcare encounters (joint supervisor with Professor Ludmila Stern)

My Teaching

Sandra has taught at undergraduate and graduate levels in the areas of Spanish language, legal discourse and research methods and continues to teach court interpreting, community interpreting, conference interpreting and interpreting theory. She's the Convenor of the Interpreting and Translation Programs in the School of Humanities and Languages, Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture.