Associate Professor Benjamin Turnbull

Associate Professor Benjamin Turnbull

Deputy Head of School

 🧑‍🏫 Senior Fellow - Higher Education Academy. 2026.

 ❤️‍🩹 Mental Health First Aid. 2025. 

 🐦‍⬛ Member, Association of Old Crows. 2024. 

 💻 Senior Member of the IEEE. 2022.

 🖥️ Member of the ACM. 2022

 🔐 CISSP, (ISC)2. 2015.

 🎓 PhD, Information Technology, University of South Australia. 2007.

 🎓 Bachelor of Information Technology (Software Engineering), Honours 1st Class, University of South Australia. 2003.

UNSW Canberra
School of Systems & Computing

The Short Spiel

Associate Professor Benjamin Turnbull is a cybersecurity researcher, educator and academic leader at UNSW Canberra, with more than two decades of experience spanning research, teaching and professional practice. His work sits at the intersection of cybersecurity, simulation and emerging technology, with a focus on developing practical solutions for complex challenges across Defence, government, industry and education. Through research leadership, curriculum innovation and sustained professional engagement, he contributes to strengthening Australia’s cyber capability and developing the next generation of cybersecurity professionals.

The Long Spiel

Associate Professor Benjamin Turnbull is a cybersecurity researcher, educator and academic leader at UNSW Canberra. His work sits at the intersection of cybersecurity, simulation and emerging technology, with a focus on developing practical approaches to understanding, testing and strengthening complex cyber systems.

His research is applied and mission-oriented, connecting academic innovation with real-world challenges across Defence, government, industry and education. He develops cyber simulation environments, analytical methods and decision-support tools that help organisations anticipate emerging threats, assess potential responses and make informed decisions under uncertainty. These are often AI/ML led, and designed for bespoke networks beyond the corporate network environment.  

Associate Professor Benjamin Turnbull has led multidisciplinary research programs and sustained collaborations with government agencies, Defence organisations, industry partners and universities. This research has been translated into operational exercises, security analysis, software platforms, educational resources and specialist research infrastructure. This includes whole-of-government cyber exercises integrating technical, social and online environments, the analysis of emerging national digital systems, and cybersecurity learning environments used across multiple education sectors.

With more than two decades of cybersecurity teaching experience, Associate Professor Benjamin Turnbull has played a central role in shaping cybersecurity education at UNSW Canberra. He has created and led undergraduate, honours, postgraduate and professional programs, contributing across the full educational lifecycle - from curriculum strategy and university approval to course design, teaching, assessment and continuous improvement. His educational practice emphasises contemporary, industry-relevant and scenario-driven learning, by introducing simulation, wargaming and authentic professional environments into cybersecurity courses, helping students develop the technical knowledge, critical thinking and decision-making capabilities required for complex operational settings.

Associate Professor Benjamin Turnbull also provides leadership in research strategy, researcher development and institutional capability. In senior academic leadership roles, he has strengthened collaboration across the ADFA and Canberra City campuses, improved research planning and oversight, supported new research infrastructure and helped build an inclusive and ambitious research culture.

His broader contribution includes doctoral supervision, academic mentoring, professional service and sustained engagement with the Australian cybersecurity community. Through research, education and leadership, Associate Professor Benjamin Turnbull is committed to strengthening Australia’s cyber resilience and developing the people, systems and institutions required to navigate an increasingly complex security environment.

Research Focus

 🔐 Cybersecurity and resilient systems: Developing practical approaches to securing computers, networks, cyber-physical systems and emerging digital infrastructure.

 🎮 Cyber simulation, exercises and wargaming: Creating realistic environments that integrate technical, social and online dynamics for training, experimentation, capability assessment and strategic analysis.

 🧭 Cyber situational awareness and decision support: Designing methods and platforms that help organisations interpret complex cyber environments and make better decisions under uncertainty.

 🔎 Digital forensics and emerging devices: Advancing forensic methods for connected, embedded and non-traditional technologies, including Internet of Things systems.

 🤖 Data-driven cyber analysis: Applying automation, large-scale data analysis and computational methods to identify patterns, assess risk and improve cyber analysis.

 🧠 Knowledge representation and reasoning: Structuring complex cyber knowledge to support automated reasoning, scenario development and informed decision-making.

 🚀 Emerging technology security: Examining the opportunities, risks and security implications associated with rapidly evolving digital technologies.

Education, Leadership and Engagement

 🎓 Cybersecurity education and curriculum innovation: Designing contemporary, industry-informed programs and courses across undergraduate, honours, postgraduate and professional education.

 🕹️ Scenario-based learning: Using simulation, wargaming and authentic operational scenarios to build technical capability, critical thinking and professional judgement.

 🏛️ Defence and government engagement: Translating research into operational capability, policy insight, training and practical tools through sustained collaboration with public-sector partners.

 🤝 Industry and research partnerships: Bringing together multidisciplinary teams from academia, government, Defence and industry to address complex cybersecurity challenges.

 🧪 Research infrastructure and capability: Establishing specialist environments that enable secure, sensitive and Defence-aligned cybersecurity research.

 👥 Research supervision and mentoring: Supporting doctoral researchers and academics through supervision, research project design, grant development, publication strategy and career mentoring.

 🧭 Academic and research leadership: Strengthening research culture, strategic planning and collaboration across disciplines, programs and campuses.

 🌐 Professional and scholarly service: Contributing expertise to research assessment, academic conferences, scholarly journals, recruitment, promotion and professional cybersecurity organisations.

 🏆 Professional recognition: Recognised nationally for contributions to cybersecurity research, education, leadership and professional practice.

Phone
+61 2 5114 5214
Location
Room 205, Building 15 UNSW at the Australian Defence Force Academy Tobruk Road Campbell ACT 2612
  • Book Chapters | 2021
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 2021, 'The modelling and simulation of integrated battlefield cyber-kinetic effects', in Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethic, pp. 300 - 322, http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch017
    Book Chapters | 2021
    Yamany W; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2021, 'Correction to: A Tri-level Programming Framework for Modelling Attacks and Defences in Cyber-Physical Systems', in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer International Publishing, pp. C1 - C1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64984-5_37
    Book Chapters | 2020
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 2020, 'Developing a Military Cyber Maturity Model for Multi-Domain Battle Mission Resilience and Success', in Cyber Warfare and Terrorism Concepts Methodologies Tools and Applications, pp. 151 - 164, http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2466-4.ch009
    Book Chapters | 2019
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 2019, 'Modeling and Simulation Approaches', in Kott A; Linkov I (ed.), Cyber Resilience of Systems and Networks, Springer, pp. 171 - 193, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77492-3_1
    Book Chapters | 2019
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 2019, 'Modeling and Simulation Approaches', in Kott A; Linkov I (ed.), Risk Systems and Decisions, pp. 171 - 193, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77492-3_8
  • Journal articles | 2026
    Almarri S; Issa W; Keshk M; Turnbull B; Moustafa N, 2026, 'Cyberworthiness for Corporate Organisations: A Structured Review of Standards, Frameworks, and Future Directions', Electronics Switzerland, 15, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics15102133
    Journal articles | 2026
    Ferdowsi M; Moustafa N; Keshk M; Turnbull B, 2026, 'Trustworthy Intelligence: Split Learning–Embedded Large Language Models for Smart IoT Healthcare Systems', Electronics Switzerland, 15, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics15071519
    Journal articles | 2026
    Issa W; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Tari Z, 2026, 'LGP: Layerwise Gradient Purify for Robust Federated Learning Against Poisoning Attacks', IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 23, pp. 175 - 192, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2025.3604778
    Journal articles | 2026
    Jones L; Turnbull B; Moustafa N, 2026, 'DevSecTrust: Standardising How We Measure Software Development Security', Future Internet, 18, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi18060279
    Journal articles | 2026
    Sobb T; Turnbull B, 2026, 'Prioritising Mission Survivability Through Defensive Cyber Operations: A Unified Mission Assurance Approach', Contemporary Issues in Air and Space Power, 4, pp. BP55879751 - BP55879751, http://dx.doi.org/10.58930/bp55879751
    Journal articles | 2026
    Zhang Z; Turnbull B; Kermanshahi SK; Pota H; Hu J, 2026, 'SDN-MG25: A Comprehensive Dataset for Cybersecurity Analysis in Software Defined Networking-Enabled Microgrid Systems', IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 7, pp. 26 - 36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OJCS.2025.3639408
    Journal articles | 2025
    Hasan KF; Shajeeb HH; Abeydeera C; Turnbull B; Warren M, 2025, 'ISADM: An Integrated STRIDE, ATT&CK, and D3FEND Model for Threat Modeling Against Real-World Adversaries', IEEE Access, 13, pp. 217316 - 217348, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3647760
    Journal articles | 2025
    Issa W; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Choo KKR, 2025, 'DT-BFL: Digital Twins for Blockchain-enabled Federated Learning in Internet of Things networks', Ad Hoc Networks, 178, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.103934
    Journal articles | 2025
    Issa W; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Sohrabi N; Tari Z; Zomaya AY, 2025, 'VIFL: vulnerability identification using federated learning in the internet of things systems', Computing, 107, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00607-024-01365-z
    Journal articles | 2025
    Masud MT; Keshk M; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Susilo W, 2025, 'Vulnerability defence using hybrid moving target defence in Internet of Things systems', Computers and Security, 153, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2025.104380
    Journal articles | 2025
    Masud MT; Koroniotis N; Keshk M; Turnbull B; Kermanshahi SK; Moustafa N, 2025, 'Generative fuzzer-driven vulnerability detection in the Internet of Things networks', Applied Soft Computing, 174, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2025.112973
    Journal articles | 2025
    Salim S; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2025, 'BFL-SC: A blockchain-enabled federated learning framework, with smart contracts, for securing social media-integrated internet of things systems', Ad Hoc Networks, 169, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.103760
    Journal articles | 2025
    Salim S; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2025, 'Privacy preservation of Internet of Things–integrated social networks: a survey and future challenges', International Journal of Web Information Systems, 21, pp. 372 - 431, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJWIS-04-2024-0120
    Journal articles | 2025
    Sobb T; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2025, 'Responsible Resilience in Cyber–Physical–Social Systems: A New Paradigm for Emergent Cyber Risk Modeling', Future Internet, 17, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi17070282
    Journal articles | 2025
    Sobb T; Turnbull B, 2025, 'CrowdStrike: Lessons in Mission Assurance to Build Resilience for Complex Cyber–Physical–Social Systems', IEEE Access, 13, pp. 205324 - 205337, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3634514
    Journal articles | 2025
    Sobb T; Turnbull B, 2025, 'Modelling Cascading Failure in Complex CPSS to Inform Resilient Mission Assurance: An Intelligent Transport System Case Study', Entropy, 27, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e27080793
    Journal articles | 2025
    Zhang Z; Turnbull B; Kermanshahi SK; Pota H; Damiani E; Yeun CY; Hu J, 2025, 'A survey on resilient microgrid system from cybersecurity perspective', Applied Soft Computing, 175, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2025.113088
    Journal articles | 2025
    Zhang Z; Turnbull B; Kermanshahi SK; Pota H; Hu J, 2025, 'UNSW-MG24: A Heterogeneous Dataset for Cybersecurity Analysis in Realistic Microgrid Systems', IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 6, pp. 543 - 553, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OJCS.2025.3564266
    Journal articles | 2024
    Akter M; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2024, 'SPEI-FL: Serverless Privacy Edge Intelligence-Enabled Federated Learning in Smart Healthcare Systems', Cognitive Computation, 16, pp. 2626 - 2641, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10310-3
    Journal articles | 2024
    Issa W; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Choo KKR, 2024, 'RVE-PFL: Robust Variational Encoder-Based Personalized Federated Learning Against Model Inversion Attacks', IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 19, pp. 3772 - 3787, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2024.3368879
    Journal articles | 2024
    Johnson N; Turnbull B; Reisslein M; Moustafa N, 2024, 'CNA-TCC: Campaign Network Attribute Based Thematic Campaign Classification', IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 11, pp. 4636 - 4648, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2022.3184387
    Journal articles | 2024
    Salim S; Turnbull B; Moustafa N, 2024, 'A Blockchain-Enabled Explainable Federated Learning for Securing Internet-of-Things-Based Social Media 3.0 Networks', IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 11, pp. 4681 - 4697, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2021.3134463
    Journal articles | 2024
    Yamany W; Keshk M; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2024, 'Swarm Optimization-Based Federated Learning for the Cyber Resilience of Internet of Things Systems Against Adversarial Attacks', IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 70, pp. 1359 - 1369, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2023.3319039
    Journal articles | 2023
    Issa W; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Sohrabi N; Tari Z, 2023, 'Blockchain-Based Federated Learning for Securing Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey', ACM Computing Surveys, 55, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3560816
    Journal articles | 2023
    Keshk M; Koroniotis N; Pham N; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Zomaya AY, 2023, 'An explainable deep learning-enabled intrusion detection framework in IoT networks', Information Sciences, 639, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2023.119000
    Journal articles | 2023
    Sobb T; Turnbull B; Moustafa N, 2023, 'A Holistic Review of Cyber–Physical–Social Systems: New Directions and Opportunities', Sensors, 23, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177391
    Journal articles | 2023
    Yamany W; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2023, 'OQFL: An Optimized Quantum-Based Federated Learning Framework for Defending Against Adversarial Attacks in Intelligent Transportation Systems', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 24, pp. 893 - 903, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2021.3130906
    Journal articles | 2023
    Yang S; Barlow M; Townsend T; Liu X; Samarasinghe D; Lakshika E; Moy G; Lynar T; Turnbull B, 2023, 'Reinforcement Learning Agents Playing Ticket to Ride-A Complex Imperfect Information Board Game With Delayed Rewards', IEEE Access, 11, pp. 60737 - 60757, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3287100
    Journal articles | 2022
    Johnson N; Turnbull B; Reisslein M, 2022, 'Social media influence, trust, and conflict: An interview based study of leadership perceptions', Technology in Society, 68, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101836
    Journal articles | 2022
    Salim S; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Razzak I, 2022, 'Perturbation-enabled Deep Federated Learning for Preserving Internet of Things-based Social Networks', ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications, 18, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3537899
    Journal articles | 2022
    Salim S; Turnbull B; Moustafa N, 2022, 'Data analytics of social media 3.0: Privacy protection perspectives for integrating social media and Internet of Things (SM-IoT) systems', Ad Hoc Networks, 128, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2022.102786
    Journal articles | 2022
    Tran QN; Turnbull BP; Wang M; Hu J, 2022, 'A Privacy-Preserving Biometric Authentication System with Binary Classification in a Zero Knowledge Proof Protocol', IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 3, pp. 1 - 10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OJCS.2021.3138332
    Journal articles | 2021
    Alkadi O; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Choo KKR, 2021, 'A Deep Blockchain Framework-Enabled Collaborative Intrusion Detection for Protecting IoT and Cloud Networks', IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8, pp. 9463 - 9472, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.2996590
    Journal articles | 2021
    Johnson N; Turnbull B; Maher T; Reisslein M, 2021, 'Semantically Modeling Cyber Influence Campaigns (CICs): Ontology Model and Case Studies', IEEE Access, 9, pp. 9365 - 9382, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3048269
    Journal articles | 2021
    Keshk M; Turnbull B; Sitnikova E; Vatsalan D; Moustafa N, 2021, 'Privacy-Preserving Schemes for Safeguarding Heterogeneous Data Sources in Cyber-Physical Systems', IEEE Access, 9, pp. 55077 - 55097, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069737
    Journal articles | 2021
    Samarasinghe Widana Arachchige D; Barlow M; Lakshika E; Lynar T; Moustafa N; Townsend T; Turnbull B, 2021, 'A Data Driven Review of Board Game Design and Interactions of Their Mechanics', IEEE Access, 9, pp. 114051 - 114069, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3103198
    Journal articles | 2021
    Tran QN; Turnbull BP; Hu J, 2021, 'Biometrics and Privacy-Preservation: How Do They Evolve', IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 2, pp. 179 - 191, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OJCS.2021.3068385
    Journal articles | 2021
    Tran QN; Turnbull BP; Wu HT; De Silva AJS; Kormusheva K; Hu J, 2021, 'A Survey on Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Systems (PPBS) and a Novel PPBS-Based Framework for Smart Agriculture', IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 2, pp. 72 - 84, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OJCS.2021.3053032
    Journal articles | 2020
    Alkadi O; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2020, 'A Review of Intrusion Detection and Blockchain Applications in the Cloud: Approaches, Challenges and Solutions', IEEE Access, 8, pp. 104893 - 104917, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2999715
    Journal articles | 2020
    Brahler E; Fuller E; Turnbull B, 2020, 'Social Media Debate Position 2: A Problematic Environment- Against the Use of Social Media for Credible Information', Internet Reference Services Quarterly, 25, pp. 37 - 48, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10875301.2021.1938333
    Journal articles | 2020
    Dunn C; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2020, 'Robustness evaluations of sustainable machine learning models against data poisoning attacks in the internet of things', Sustainability Switzerland, 12, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/SU12166434
    Journal articles | 2020
    Keshk M; Turnbull B; Moustafa N; Vatsalan D; Choo KKR, 2020, 'A Privacy-Preserving-Framework-Based Blockchain and Deep Learning for Protecting Smart Power Networks', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 16, pp. 5110 - 5118, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TII.2019.2957140
    Journal articles | 2020
    Sobb T; Turnbull B; Moustafa N, 2020, 'Supply Chain 4.0: A Survey of Cyber Security Challenges, Solutions and Future Directions', Electronics (Switzerland)
    Journal articles | 2020
    Sobb T; Turnbull B; Moustafa N, 2020, 'Supply Chain 4.0: A Survey of Cyber Security Challenges, Solutions and Future Directions', Electronics
    Journal articles | 2019
    Alkadi O; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Choo K-KR, 2019, 'An ontological graph identification method to improve Localization of IP prefix hijacking in network systems', IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
    Journal articles | 2019
    Alkadi O; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Choo KKR, 2019, 'Mixture localization-based outliers models for securing data migration in cloud centers', IEEE Access, 7, pp. 114607 - 114618, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2935142
    Journal articles | 2019
    Koroniotis N; Moustafa N; Sitnikova E; Turnbull B, 2019, 'Towards the Development of Realistic Botnet Dataset in the Internet of Things for Network Forensic Analytics: Bot-IoT Dataset', Future Generation Computer Systems
    Journal articles | 2019
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 2019, 'The modelling and simulation of integrated battlefield cyber-kinetic effects', International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 9, pp. 1 - 26, http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/IJCWT.2019100101
    Journal articles | 2018
    Hassan M; Moustafa N; Sitnikova E; Turnbull B, 2018, 'Privacy-preserving big data analytics for cyber-physical systems', Wireless Networks, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-01912-5
    Journal articles | 2018
    Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Raymond Choo K-K, 2018, 'An Ensemble Intrusion Detection Technique based on proposed Statistical Flow Features for Protecting Network Traffic of Internet of Things', IEEE Internet of Things Journal, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2871719
    Journal articles | 2018
    Moustafa NM; Adi ERWIN; Turnbull BENJAMIN; Hu JIANKUN, 2018, 'A New Threat Intelligence Scheme for Safeguarding Industry 4.0 Systems', IEEE Access, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2844794
    Journal articles | 2017
    Haider W; Hu J; Slay J; Turnbull BP; Xie Y, 2017, 'Generating realistic intrusion detection system dataset based on fuzzy qualitative modeling', Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 87, pp. 185 - 192, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2017.03.018
    Journal articles | 2017
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 2017, 'Attrition rates and maneuver in agent-based simulation models', Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation, 14, pp. 257 - 272, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512917692693
    Journal articles | 2016
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 2016, 'The cyber conceptual framework for developing military doctrine', Defence Studies, 16, pp. 270 - 298, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2016.1187568
    Journal articles | 2015
    Turnbull B; Randhawa S, 2015, 'Automated event and social network extraction from digital evidence sources with ontological mapping', Digital Investigation, 13, pp. 94 - 106, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2015.04.004
    Journal articles | 2010
    Osborne G; Turnbull B; Slay J, 2010, 'The 'Explore, Investigate and Correlate' (EIC) conceptual framework for digital forensics information visualisation', Ares 2010 5th International Conference on Availability Reliability and Security, pp. 629 - 634, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ARES.2010.74
    Journal articles | 2009
    Slay J; Turnbull B; Blundell B; McKemmish R, 2009, 'Message from WSDF workshop co-chairs', Proceedings International Conference on Availability Reliability and Security Ares 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ARES.2009.175
    Journal articles | 2008
    Broadway J; Turnbull B; Slay J, 2008, 'Improving the analysis of lawfully intercepted network packet data captured for forensic analysis', Ares 2008 3rd International Conference on Availability Security and Reliability Proceedings, pp. 1361 - 1368, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ARES.2008.122
    Journal articles | 2008
    Pavlic T; Slay J; Turnbull B, 2008, 'Developing a Process Model for the Forensic Extraction of Information from Desktop Search Applications', JOURNAL OF DIGITAL FORENSICS SECURITY AND LAW, 3, pp. 35 - 55, https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000214231400003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=891bb5ab6ba270e68a29b250adbe88d1
    Journal articles | 2008
    Pavlic T; Slay J; Turnbull B, 2008, 'Extracting evidence using google desktop search', IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, 285, pp. 43 - 50, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84927-0_4
    Journal articles | 2008
    Turnbull B; Slay J, 2008, 'Wi-Fi network signals as a source of digital evidence: Wireless network forensics', Ares 2008 3rd International Conference on Availability Security and Reliability Proceedings, pp. 1355 - 1360, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ARES.2008.135
    Journal articles | 2007
    Turnbull B; Slay J, 2007, 'Wireless forensic analysis tools for use in the electronic evidence collection process', Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2007.617
    Journal articles | 2006
    Slay J; Turnbull B, 2006, 'The need for a technical approach to digital forensic evidence collection for wireless technologies', Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Workshop on Information Assurance, 2006, pp. 124 - 132
    Journal articles | 2005
    Blundell B; Dong HX; Slay J; Turnbull B; Wilsdon T, 2005, 'Development of a "zero-skills" forensic laptop registration and identification tool', 4th European Conference on Information Warfare and Security 2005 Eciw 2005, pp. 39 - 45
    Journal articles | 2005
    Slay J; Turnbull B, 2005, 'The 802.11 technology gap - Case studies in crime', IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference Proceedings TENCON, 2007, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2005.300890
    Journal articles | 2005
    Turnbull B; Blundell B; Slay J, 2005, 'Googling forensics', Proceedings of 3rd Australian Computer Network and Information Forensics Conference, pp. 62 - 67
    Journal articles |
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 'Developing a Military Cyber Maturity Model for Multi-Domain Battle Mission Resilience and Success', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CYBER WARFARE AND TERRORISM, 7, pp. 1 - 13, http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/IJCWT.2017100101
    Journal articles |
    Slay J; Turnbull B, 'Computer security education and research in Australia', IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY, 4, pp. 60 - 63, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2006.115
  • Conference Papers | 2026
    Xu S; Ding Z; Cheng X; Li Y; Sun N; Turnbull B; Kan S; Ma S, 2026, 'PufferDoS: Efficient and Effective Attack String Generation for Regular Expression Denial of Service Vulnerabilities', in Proceedings IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 3984 - 4002, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SP63933.2026.00169
    Preprints | 2026
    Zhang Z; Turnbull B; Kasra Kermanshahi S; Pota H; Hu J, 2026, Cyber-Physical Cross Layer Explainable Intrusion Detection in Microgrid Systems via Cross-Modal Evidence Reasoning, http://dx.doi.org/10.20944/preprints202605.2069.v1
    Preprints | 2025
    Hasan KF; Shajeeb HH; Abeydeera C; Turnbull B; Warren M, 2025, ISADM: An Integrated STRIDE, ATT&CK, and D3FEND Model for Threat Modeling Against Real-world Adversaries, http://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.18751
    Conference Papers | 2025
    Khurana N; Akhtar MM; Masood R; Kanhere SS; Turnbull B, 2025, 'Navigating the Gray Interventions: The Impact of Soft Moderation Techniques Across Social Media Platforms', in Www Companion 2025 Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2025, pp. 1067 - 1071, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3701716.3715511
    Preprints | 2025
    Zhang Z; Turnbull B; Kasra Kermanshahi S; Pota H; Hu J, 2025, SDN-MG25: A Comprehensive Dataset for Cybersecurity Analysis in Software Defined Networking-Enabled Microgrid Systems, http://dx.doi.org/10.20944/preprints202509.0735.v1
    Conference Papers | 2024
    Akter M; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2024, 'PEL: Privacy Embedded Learning in Smart Healthcare Systems', in 2024 21st Annual International Conference on Privacy Security and Trust Pst 2024, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PST62714.2024.10788041
    Reports | 2024
    Bennett Moses L; Buckland R; Masood R; Turnbull B, 2024, Considerations for Managing Cyber Threats to the Consumer Data Standards: A Report to the Data Standards Chair, http://dx.doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/30951, https://www.unsw.edu.au/news/2024/02/unsw-reports-on-banking-data-cyber-security-and-risk-management-
    Conference Papers | 2024
    Zhang Z; Hu J; Pota H; Kermanshahi SK; Turnbull B; Damiani E; Yeun CY, 2024, 'Experimental Demonstration of Risks and Influences of Cyber Attacks on Wireless Communication in Microgrids', in 2024 21st Annual International Conference on Privacy Security and Trust Pst 2024, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PST62714.2024.10788082
    Conference Papers | 2023
    Wilden AJ; Nasim M; Williams P; Legrand T; Turnbull BP; Williams PAH, 2023, 'On Benchmarking and Validation in Wargames', in European Conference on Information Warfare and Security Eccws, pp. 533 - 543
    Conference Papers | 2021
    Koroniotis N; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Schiliro F; Gauravaram P; Janicke H, 2021, 'A Deep Learning-based Penetration Testing Framework for Vulnerability Identification in Internet of Things Environments', in Proceedings 2021 IEEE 20th International Conference on Trust Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications Trustcom 2021, pp. 887 - 894, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TrustCom53373.2021.00125
    Preprints | 2021
    Koroniotis N; Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Schiliro F; Gauravaram P; Janicke H, 2021, A Deep Learning-based Penetration Testing Framework for Vulnerability Identification in Internet of Things Environments, http://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2109.09259
    Conference Papers | 2020
    Alkadi O; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2020, 'A Collaborative Intrusion Detection System using Deep Blockchain Framework for Securing Cloud Networks', 2020 Amsterdam, Netherlands, presented at Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys), 2020 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 03 September 2020 - 04 September 2020
    Conference Papers | 2020
    Clark D; Turnbull B, 2020, 'Interactive 3D visualization of network traffic in time for forensic analysis', in Kerren A; Hurter C; Braz J (eds.), Visigrapp 2020 Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications, INSTICC, MALTA, Valletta, pp. 177 - 184, presented at Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications, MALTA, Valletta, 27 February 2020 - 29 February 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008950601770184
    Conference Papers | 2020
    Clark DJ; Turnbull B, 2020, 'Experiment Design for Complex Immersive Visualisation', in 2020 Military Communications and Information Systems Conference Milcis 2020 Proceedings, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MilCIS49828.2020.9282380
    Conference Papers | 2020
    Hassan M; Moustafa N; Sitnikova E; Turnbull B; Vatsalan D, 2020, 'Privacy-Preserving Techniques for Protecting Large-Scale Data of Cyber-Physical Systems', Tokyo, Japan, presented at The 16th International Conference on Mobility, Sensing and Networking (MSN 2020), Tokyo, Japan, 19 December 2020
    Conference Papers | 2020
    Moustafa N; Salim S; Turnbull B, 2020, 'Privacy-Encoding Models for Preserving Utility of Machine Learning Algorithms in Social Media', Guangzhou, China, presented at The 19th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, Guangzhou, China, 31 December 2020
    Conference Papers | 2020
    Sobb T; Sample C; Shelton C; Turnbull B, 2020, 'Modelling the supply chain: Trust but verify in complex systems', in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security Iccws 2020, pp. 439 - 447, http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ICCWS.20.039
    Conference Papers | 2020
    Sobb TM; Turnbull B, 2020, 'Assessment of cyber security implications of new technology integrations into military supply chains', in Proceedings 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops Spw 2020, pp. 128 - 135, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SPW50608.2020.00038
    Conference Papers | 2020
    Yamany W; Moustafa N; Turnbull B, 2020, 'A Tri-level Programming Framework for Modelling Attacks and Defences in Cyber-Physical Systems', Canberra, Australia, presented at The 33rd Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AJCAI 2020), Canberra, Australia, 16 December 2020
    Conference Papers | 2019
    Ormrod D; Scott K; Scheinman L; Kodalle T; Sample C; Turnbull B, 2019, 'The persuasion game: Developing a serious game based model for information warfare and influence studies', in European Conference on Information Warfare and Security, ECCWS, Coimbra, Portugal, pp. 328 - 337, presented at Future European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Coimbra, Portugal, 04 July 2019
    Conference Papers | 2019
    Turnbull B; Ormrod D; Moustafa N; Micallef N, 2019, 'Agile technology development to improve scenario-based learning exercises', in European Conference on Information Warfare and Security, ECCWS, Portugal, pp. 518 - 526, presented at ECCWS, Portugal, 04 July 2019 - 05 July 2019
    Preprints | 2018
    Koroniotis N; Moustafa N; Sitnikova E; Turnbull B, 2018, Towards the Development of Realistic Botnet Dataset in the Internet of Things for Network Forensic Analytics: Bot-IoT Dataset, http://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.00701
    Conference Papers | 2018
    Moustafa N; Turnbull B; Choo K-KR, 2018, 'Towards Automation of Vulnerability and Exploitation Identification in IIoT Networks', Bellevue, Washington, USA, presented at 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Internet, Bellevue, Washington, USA, 21 October 2018 - 23 October 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICII.2018.00023
    Conference Papers | 2018
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 2018, 'Cyber resilience as an information operations action to assure the mission', in European Conference on Information Warfare and Security Eccws, pp. 343 - 350
    Conference Papers | 2018
    Randhawa S; Turnbull B; Yuen J; Dean J, 2018, 'Mission-centric Automated Cyber Red Teaming', in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3230833.3234688
    Conference Papers | 2018
    Taylor J; Turnbull B; Creech G, 2018, 'Volatile memory forensics acquisition efficacy: A comparative study towards analysing firmware-based rootkits', in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3230833.3232810
    Conference Papers | 2017
    Ormrod D; Turnbull B, 2017, 'A framework for the modelling and simulation of battlespace integrated cyber-kinetic effects', in European Conference on Information Warfare and Security Eccws, pp. 288 - 297
    Conference Papers | 2016
    Ormrod D; Turnbull BP, 2016, 'The Military Cyber-Maturity Model - Preparing Modern Cyber-Enabled Military Forces for Future Conflicts', in Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security:, Boston, presented at 11th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security: ICCWS2016, Boston, 17 March 2016 - 18 March 2016
    Conference Papers | 2015
    O'Sullivan K; Turnbull BP, 2015, 'The Cyber Simulation Terrain: Towards an open source cyber effects simulation ontology', in Hutchinson B (ed.), roceedings of the 16th Aus tralian Information W arfare Confe rence, Perth, WA, Australia, presented at AUSTRALIAN INFORMATION WARFARE AND SECURITY CONFERENCE, Perth, WA, Australia, 30 November 2015 - 02 December 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/25793
    Conference Papers | 2015
    Ormrod D; Turnbull BP; O'Sullivan K, 2015, 'System of systems cyber effects simulation ontology', in Macal C; Rossetti M (ed.), Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), 2015, IEEE, Huntington Beach, CA, pp. 2475 - 2486, presented at 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), Huntington Beach, CA, 06 December 2015 - 09 December 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WSC.2015.7408358
    Conference Papers | 2015
    Rice B; Turnbull BP, 2015, 'File System Modelling for Digital Triage: An Inductive Profiling Approach', in Valli C (ed.), The Proceedings of the 13th Australian Digital Forensics Conference, SRI Security Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, pp. 132 - 140, presented at Australian Digital Forensics Conference, Perth, WA, Australia, 30 November 2015 - 02 December 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.4225/75/57b3ff9efb892
    Conference Papers | 2015
    Yuen J; Turnbull BP; Hernandez J, 2015, 'Visual analytics for cyber red teaming', in Harrison L; Prigent N; Engel S; Best D (eds.), IEEE, Chicago, IL, pp. 1 - 8, presented at 2015 IEEE Symposium on Visualization for Cyber Security (VizSec), Chicago, IL, 25 October 2015 - 25 October 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/VIZSEC.2015.7312765
    Conference Papers | 2013
    Grove D; Murray A; Gerhardy D; Turnbull B; Tobin T; Moir C, 2013, 'An overview of the Parallax BattleMind v1.5 for computer network defence', in Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, pp. 31 - 37
    Conference Papers | 2012
    Osborne G; Turnbull B; Slay J, 2012, 'Development of info vis software for digital forensics', in Proceedings International Computer Software and Applications Conference, pp. 213 - 217, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMPSACW.2012.47
    Conference Papers | 2009
    Osborne G; Turnbull B, 2009, 'Enhancing computer forensics investigation through visualisation and data exploitation', in Proceedings International Conference on Availability Reliability and Security Ares 2009, pp. 1012 - 1017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ARES.2009.120
    Conference Papers | 2009
    Shiralkar T; Lavine M; Turnbull B, 2009, 'A preliminary approach to the forensic analysis of an ultraportable ASUS Eee PC', in Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, pp. 116 - 121, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02312-5_13
    Conference Papers | 2009
    Singh AP; Lavine M; Turnbull B; Shiralkar T, 2009, 'Acer Aspire One Netbooks: A Forensic Challenge', in 2009 IEEE 33RD INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2, IEEE, WA, Seattle, pp. 1077 - +, presented at IEEE 33rd International Computer Software and Applications Conference, WA, Seattle, 20 July 2009 - 24 July 2009, https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000274261400171&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=891bb5ab6ba270e68a29b250adbe88d1
    Conference Papers | 2009
    Singh AP; Lavine M; Turnbull B; Shiralkar T, 2009, 'Acer aspire one netbooks: A forensic challenge', in Proceedings International Computer Software and Applications Conference, pp. 404 - 409, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2009.167
    Conference Papers | 2009
    Slay J; Lin YC; Turnbull B; Beckett J; Lin P, 2009, 'Towards a formalization of digital forensics', in IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, pp. 37 - 47, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04155-6_3
    Conference Papers | 2009
    Turnbull B; Osborne G; Simon M, 2009, 'Legal and technical implications of collecting wireless data as an evidence source', in Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, pp. 36 - 41, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02312-5_5
    Conference Papers | 2009
    Turnbull B; Taylor R; Blundell B, 2009, 'The anatomy of electronic evidence - Quantitative analysis of police e-crime data', in Proceedings International Conference on Availability Reliability and Security Ares 2009, pp. 143 - 149, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ARES.2009.118
    Conference Papers | 2008
    Turnbull B, 2008, 'The adaptability of electronic evidence acquisition guides for new technologies', in E Forensics 2008 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Forensic Applications and Techniques in Telecommunications Information and Multimedia and Workshop, http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/e-forensics.2008.2770

🏆 Winner, Cyber Security Professional of the Year (Technology, Media and Telecommunications), 2024 Australian Cyber Security Awards (and overall finalist)
 

Associate Professor Benjamin Turnbull conducts applied research at the intersection of cyber security, simulation and emerging technology. His work focuses on developing cyber simulation and wargaming environments, decision-support tools, digital forensic methods and approaches to cyber situational awareness that help organisations understand complex threats, test potential responses and strengthen operational resilience.

His research is undertaken in collaboration with partners across Defence, government, industry and academia, with outcomes translated into operational exercises, analytical platforms, software, policy insights and educational resources. He has also lead multidisciplinary research programs, supervise higher degree researchers, mentor emerging academics and develop specialist infrastructure that enables secure and Defence-aligned cyber research.

Current research activities include:

🔐 Cyber security and resilient systems — strengthening the security of networks, connected devices and emerging digital infrastructure.

🎮 Cyber simulation and wargaming — creating realistic environments for experimentation, training, capability assessment and strategic decision-making.

🧭 Cyber situational awareness — helping decision-makers interpret complex cyber environments and respond effectively under uncertainty.

🔎 Digital forensics — developing methods for investigating connected, embedded and non-traditional devices.

🤖 Data-driven cyber analysis — applying automation and computational techniques to identify patterns, assess risk and support cyber operations.

🧠 Knowledge representation and decision support — structuring complex information to support reasoning, scenario design and informed decision-making.

🎓 Cyber education research — using simulation, authentic scenarios and evidence-informed learning design to build practical cyber capability.

My Teaching

Teaching @ UNSW 

 

Co-Creator Bachelor of Cyber Security (Pass, Honours) - Live in 2025
    Development: In 2023, I co-designed and scaffolded this program, worked with industry and UNSW stakeholders, represented UNSW Canberra at high-level discussions, and ensured program and course approvals. 

Subject Matter Expert, Graduate Certificate, MBA-X, Cyber Security Leadership - Live in 2024
    Development: Contributed to course design and structure.   

Co-Creator and Co-Program Director, UNSW Online Cyber Security Masters Program 

This program is comprised of the following: 

  o    Cyber Security Graduate Certificate
  o    Cyber Security Graduate Diploma (Management and Leadership)
  o    Cyber Security Masters (Management and Leadership)
  o    Cyber Security Graduate Diploma (Security Engineering)
  o    Cyber Security Masters (Security Engineering)

I designed and scaffolded the program, working with industry and UNSW stakeholders. I represented UNSW Canberra at high-level discussions, I then ensured program and course approvals. 

I then ran half of this program, including 9 courses, for 2.5 years as the Co-Program Director (UNSW Canberra Director),  2019 - 2023. 

Assistant Creator and Co-Program Director, Bachelor of Computing and Cyber Security
Development: Assisted in program structure, content design and scaffolding.
Operation:  Co-Program Director (2017-2018). I was the founding Co-Director, transitioning from a Bachelor of IT to the emerging Computing and Cyber Security. 

Creator and Director,  Bachelor of IT/Cyber Honours Program.
I developed the program structure, content design and scaffolding. I then directed this program between 2015-2016 and 2019 - 2021.

Consultant, Masters of Cyber Security – Security Operations, Forensics, Advanced Tradecraft
In 2015,I consulted on program and specialisation structures. I then taught into this program 2015-2017.